7 research outputs found

    PREFERENTIAL ACCESS TO OBJECT SEMANTICS VIA LEXICAL PROCESSING IN THE VENTRAL STREAM OF THE BRAIN

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    Converging evidence supports a distributed-plus-hub view of semantic processing in the brain, in which there are distributed modular semantic sub-systems (e.g., for shape, colour, and action) connected to an amodal semantic hub. Furthermore, object semantic processing of colour and shape, and lexical reading and identification, are processed mainly along the ventral stream, while action semantic processing occurs mainly along the dorsal stream. In Experiment 1, participants read a prime word that required imagining either the object or action referent, and then named a lexical word target. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants performed a lexical decision task (LDT) with the same targets as in Experiment 1, in the presence of foils that were legal nonwords (NWs; Experiment 2; allows orthography, phonology, and semantics to contribute to responding) or pseudohomophones (PHs; Experiment 3; allows only orthography to contribute to responding). Semantic priming was similar in effect size regardless of prime type for naming and the LDT with NW foils, but was greater for object primes than action primes for the LDT with PH foils, suggesting a shared-stream advantage when the task demands focus on orthographic lexical processing. Experiment 4 used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and identified the potential loci of shared-stream processing to regions in the ventral stream anterior to colour sensitive visual area V4 cortex and anterior to lexical and shape sensitive regions in the left fusiform gyrus, as well as in cerebellar lobule VI. Action priming showed more activation than object priming in dorsal stream motion related regions of the right parietal occipital junction, right superior occipital gyrus, and bilateral visual area V3. Experiment 5 identified structural connectivity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and implicated connections from the cerebellar lobule VI to the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) semantic hub via the thalamus, supporting that this cerebellar region may act as a visual object semantic sub-system of the semantic network. The behavioural experiments demonstrate that object semantic and lexical processing are temporally shared, and the fMRI activation supports the theory that spatially shared-stream activation occurs in the ventral stream during object (but not action) priming of lexical processing. The DTI connectivity analysis supports the theory that lobule VI may act as an additional object semantic sub-system. This research suggests that shared-stream processing occurs between lexical identification and object semantic processing in the ventral stream, providing preferential access to object semantics via lexical processing. This shared-stream processing has implications for models of reading and the semantic system, which currently do not delineate between different modalities of semantic processing. The shared-stream regions identified may prove useful for pre-surgical localization of important intersections between the reading and semantic networks. These results also provide predictions that pure alexia and surface dyslexia patients with comorbid semantic deficits may be disproportionately affected by object semantic deficits compared to action semantic deficits

    Altered Resting Functional Connectivity Is Related to Cognitive Outcome in Males With Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

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    TBI results in significant cognitive impairments and in altered brain functional connectivity. However, no studies explored so far, the relationship between global functional connectivity and cognitive outcome in chronic moderate-severe TBI. This proof of principle study employed the intrinsic connectivity contrast, an objective voxel-based metric of global functional connectivity, in a small sample of chronic moderate-severe TBI participants and a group of healthy controls matched on gender (males), age, and education. Cognitive tests assessing executive functions, verbal memory, visual memory, attention/organization, and cognitive reserve were administered. Group differences in terms of global functional connectivity maps were assessed and the association between performance on the cognitive measures and global functional connectivity was examined. Next, we investigated the spatial extent of functional connectivity in the brain regions found to be associated with cognitive performance, using traditional seed-based analyses. Global functional connectivity of the TBI group was altered, compared to the controls. Moreover, the strength of global functional connectivity in affected brain areas was associated with cognitive outcome. These findings indicate that impaired global functional connectivity is a significant consequence of TBI suggesting that cognitive impairments following TBI may be partly attributed to altered functional connectivity between brain areas involved in the specific cognitive functions

    Shared and Distinct Neural Bases of Large- and Small-Scale Spatial Ability: A Coordinate-Based Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis

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    Background: Spatial ability is vital for human survival and development. However, the relationship between large-scale and small-scale spatial ability remains poorly understood. To address this issue from a novel perspective, we performed an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to determine the shared and distinct neural bases of these two forms of spatial ability.Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar for studies regarding “spatial ability” published within the last 20 years (January 1988 through June 2018). A final total of 103 studies (Table 1) involving 2,085 participants (male = 1,116) and 2,586 foci were incorporated into the meta-analysis.Results: Large-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the limbic lobe, posterior lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, right anterior lobe, frontal lobe, and right sub-lobar area. Small-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, right posterior lobe, and left sub-lobar area. Furthermore, conjunction analysis revealed overlapping regions in the sub-gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, right middle occipital gyrus, right superior occipital gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and precuneus. The contrast analysis demonstrated that the parahippocampal gyrus, left lingual gyrus, culmen, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left superior occipital gyrus, and right lentiform nucleus were more strongly activated during large-scale spatial tasks. In contrast, the precuneus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left supramarginal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus were more strongly activated during small-scale spatial tasks. Our results further indicated that there is no absolute difference in the cognitive strategies associated with the two forms of spatial ability (egocentric/allocentric).Conclusion: The results of the present study verify and expand upon the theoretical model of spatial ability proposed by Hegarty et al. Our analysis revealed a shared neural basis between large- and small-scale spatial abilities, as well as specific yet independent neural bases underlying each. Based on these findings, we proposed a more comprehensive version of the behavioral model

    Erfassung sexueller Orientierung anhand hÀmodynamischer und behavioraler Korrelate bei der simultanen PrÀsentation rÀumlich kognitiver Aufgaben und sexuell relevanter Distraktoren

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    Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden hĂ€modynamische und behaviorale Korrelate bei der simultanen PrĂ€sentation rĂ€umlich kognitiver Aufgaben und sexuell relevanter Distraktoren untersucht. Dazu untersuchten wir 22 heterosexuelle Probanden ohne pĂ€dophile Neigungen und psychische Erkrankungen mittels funktioneller Magnetresonanztomtographie (fMRT), um eine Vergleichsgruppe fĂŒr dasselbe Experiment mit pĂ€dophilen Probanden zu schaffen. Wir nutzten ein indirektes Studiendesign zur Erfassung sexuellen Interesses, wir arbeiteten also nicht mit der alleinigen Darbietung visueller sexueller Reize, fĂŒr die wir unterschiedliche PrĂ€ferenz annahmen, sondern simultan rĂ€umlich-kognitive Reize (Aufgabe zur mentalen Rotation) prĂ€sentierten. Dieser Ansatz der Erfassung sexuellen Interesses baut teilweise auf dem Modell der Verarbeitung sexueller Reizmerkmale durch Spiering und Everaerd von 2007 auf. Die Autoren gingen davon aus, dass bewusst wahrgenommene sexuelle Reize und neutrale Reize auf eine bewusste, kontrollierte Weise verarbeitet werden und somit limitierter Aufmerksamkeit unterliegen. Darauf grĂŒndeten sich unsere Annahmen zu behavioralen Korrelaten der simultanen Darbietung eines sexuellen mit einem kognitiven Reiz. Dabei erwarteten wir im Sinne eines Sexual Content Induced Delay SCID (Geer und Bellard 1996) lĂ€ngere Bearbeitungszeiten bei der Aufgabe zur mentalen Rotation wenn simultan der sexuell prĂ€ferierte Reiz gezeigt wird. Außerdem nahmen wir an, dass bei der simultanen Darbietung der prĂ€ferierten Reize höhere Fehlerraten bei der Aufgabe zur mentalen Rotation auftreten. In Bezug auf Annahmen zu hĂ€modynamischen Korrelaten der Darbietung sexueller Reize bildete die wichtigste Grundlage die von StolĂ©ru et al. (2012) ĂŒberarbeitete Version des Vier- Komponenten-Modells sexueller Erregung, in dem sexuelle Erregung in vier Komponenten unterteilt wird, denen jeweils charakteristische Hirnregionen zugeordnet werden. Um sexuelle PrĂ€ferenz zu erfassen, nutzten wir ein einfaches Design, indem wir hĂ€modynamische Antworten auf unterschiedliche sexuelle Reize miteinander verglichen. Grundlage dafĂŒr bildeten Studien, die prĂ€ferierte sexuelle Reize mit nicht prĂ€ferierten sexuellen Reizen bezĂŒglich der hĂ€modynamischen Antworten verglichen haben wie Safron et al. (2007), Ponseti et al. (2006 und 2012), Kranz und Ishai (2006) und Savic et al. (2005). Außerdem nutzten wir ein indirektes Design zur Erfassung der sexuellen PrĂ€ferenz, indem wir simultan 94 die sexuellen Reize mit den kognitiven Reizen darboten. Wir adaptierten ein Modell zur Emotions-Kognitons-Interaktion aufgrund der Analogie von Emotion und SexualitĂ€t (Everaerd 1988). Dieses beschreibt eine Suppression der emotionalen Hirnantwort bei Anwesenheit eines kognitiven Stimulus (Drevets und Raichle 1998, Kellermann et al. 2012, Blair et al. 2007). Wir nahmen an, dass diese Suppression geringer ausfĂ€llt, wenn der prĂ€ferierte sexuelle Reiz gezeigt wird. Dies macht eine Differenzierung zwischen prĂ€feriertem und nicht prĂ€feriertem Reiz möglich. BezĂŒglich der Verhaltensdaten bestĂ€tigte sich ein prĂ€ferenzabhĂ€ngiges SCID anhand signifikant höherer Reaktionszeit fĂŒr die Richtigantworten, wenn die Aufgabe zur mentalen Rotation simultan mit den weiblichen sexuellen Reizen gezeigt wurde. Dieser Effekt auf der Verhaltenseben kann zur Erfassung sexueller Orientierung genutzt werden. Es ergab sich keine BestĂ€tigung einer höheren Fehlerquote, wenn die Aufgabe zur mentalen Rotation simultan mit den weiblichen sexuellen Reizen gezeigt wurde. Diese kann möglicherweise in der blockweisen Darbietung unserer Stimuli begrĂŒndet liegen. Erkenntnisse bezĂŒglich der hĂ€modynamischen Daten untermauerten in der Literatur bekannte Netzwerke (Zacks 2008, Jordan und WĂŒstenberg 2010) im Zusammenhang mit mentaler Rotation. Des Weiteren bestĂ€tigten sich Annahmen fĂŒr die Darbietung sexuell prĂ€ferierter Reize ĂŒber Antworten in visuellen Arealen sowie in Arealen der kognitiven Komponente (prĂ€zentraler Kortex, supplementĂ€r motorisches Areal), der autonomen Komponente (Insula) und der emotionalen Komponente (Insula, Amygdala) des Vier-Komponenten-Modells. Entsprechend der motivationalen und der inhibitorischen Komponente wurden keine signifikant stĂ€rkerern Antworten gefunden. Wenn sexuell prĂ€ferierte Reize passiv wahrgenommen wurden, riefen sie stĂ€rkere hĂ€modynamische Antworten in visuellen und motorischen Arealen hervor als sexuell nicht prĂ€ferierte Reize. Es bestĂ€tigte sich eine Emotions-Kognitions-Interaktion sowohl fĂŒr die weiblichen als auch fĂŒr die mĂ€nnlichen sexuellen Reize. Relevante Komponenten sind die kognitive Komponente (temporalen Regionen), die emotionale Komponente (Amygdala) und fĂŒr das Cingulum die autonome und motivationale Komponente sexueller Erregung. In der Erfassung sexueller Orientierung in der Experimentalbedingung konnten wir trotz der aufmerksamkeitsfokussierenden Aufgabe eindeutige Effekte im Zusammenhang mit sexueller Orientierung ermitteln. Die weiblichen Reize riefen stĂ€rkere hĂ€modynamische Antworte in den relevanten Regionen hervor als die mĂ€nnlichen. Dabei spielten Regionen, die fĂŒr die 95 Verarbeitung sexueller GedĂ€chtnisinhalte (Hippocampus, Spiering und Everaerd 2007), das Vorstellen sexueller Handlungen (prĂ€zentraler Kortex, Moulier et al. 2006), die Wahrnehmung der sexuellen Charakters eines Stimulus (temporale Regionen) und das Betrachten sexueller Stimuli (inferiorer Frontalkortex, Mohlenberghs et al. 2011) angenommen werden, die wichtigste Rolle. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dieses indirekte Verfahren zur Erfassung sexueller Orientierung vielversprechend ist. Außerdem unterstreichen sie die Bedeutung des inferioren Frontalkortex und des Hippocampus als Korrelate sexueller PrĂ€ferenz. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden bereits auf dem Symposium fĂŒr empirische Forschung in der forensischen Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie (EFPPP) vorgestellt und im EFPPP-Jahrbuch von 2014 veröffentlicht (Wieser et al. 2014)

    BRAIN CONNECTIVITY AND TREATMENT RESPONSE IN ADULT ADHD:understanding the relationship between individual differences in fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal brain networks and response to chronic treatment with methylphenidate

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    Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised by disrupted anatomical and/or functional connectivity, mainly in the fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal networks. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate (MPH), represent a first-line treatment in ADHD, but one third of patients fail to respond, with severe consequences for the individual and the society at large. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between individual differences in brain abnormalities and treatment response is needed.This thesis focused on two main brain networks: the fronto-striatal network, a central theme in ADHD research, and the fronto-parietal attentive network, formed by the three branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). The SLF branches have been only recently described in humans, and there is no detailed analysis of their distinct functional roles and involvement in disorders such as ADHD. Therefore, I first investigated the functional anatomy of the SLF branches by combining a meta-analytic approach with tractography, and revealed novel findings about the anatomical and functional segregation and integration of brain functions within fronto-parietal networks. Then, I showed, for the first time, that the three SLF branches are all significantly right-lateralised in ADHD patients but not in controls, and provided preliminary evidence that the pattern of lateralisation of the SLF I may be related to poor attentive performance in ADHD patients.Finally, I conducted functional and structural connectivity analysis to test whether a relationship exists between brain abnormalities and treatment response in adult ADHD. I employed a longitudinal crossover follow-up design. 60 non-medicated adult ADHD patients were recruited and underwent behavioural assessment (Qb test) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning twice, once under placebo and once under a clinically effective dose of MPH. Clinical and behavioural response was measured after two months of treatment with MPH. I demonstrated for the first time that there is a relationship between ‘connectivity’ abnormalities within fronto-parietal networks and treatment response in adult ADHD, both at the anatomical and functional level.Ultimately, my investigation contributed towards the identification of potential biomarkers of treatment response, which in the future may help clinicians deliver more individualised treatments.<br/

    Trial pacing in mental rotation tasks

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