107,610 research outputs found
Translation into any natural language of the error messages generated by any computer program
Since the introduction of the Fortran programming language some 60 years ago,
there has been little progress in making error messages more user-friendly. A
first step in this direction is to translate them into the natural language of
the students. In this paper we propose a simple script for Linux systems which
gives word by word translations of error messages. It works for most
programming languages and for all natural languages. Understanding the error
messages generated by compilers is a major hurdle for students who are learning
programming, particularly for non-native English speakers. Not only may they
never become "fluent" in programming but many give up programming altogether.
Whereas programming is a tool which can be useful in many human activities,
e.g. history, genealogy, astronomy, entomology, in many countries the skill of
programming remains confined to a narrow fringe of professional programmers. In
all societies, besides professional violinists there are also amateurs. It
should be the same for programming. It is our hope that once translated and
explained the error messages will be seen by the students as an aid rather than
as an obstacle and that in this way more students will enjoy learning and
practising programming. They should see it as a funny game.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figur
Deciding regular grammar logics with converse through first-order logic
We provide a simple translation of the satisfiability problem for regular
grammar logics with converse into GF2, which is the intersection of the guarded
fragment and the 2-variable fragment of first-order logic. This translation is
theoretically interesting because it translates modal logics with certain frame
conditions into first-order logic, without explicitly expressing the frame
conditions.
A consequence of the translation is that the general satisfiability problem
for regular grammar logics with converse is in EXPTIME. This extends a previous
result of the first author for grammar logics without converse. Using the same
method, we show how some other modal logics can be naturally translated into
GF2, including nominal tense logics and intuitionistic logic.
In our view, the results in this paper show that the natural first-order
fragment corresponding to regular grammar logics is simply GF2 without extra
machinery such as fixed point-operators.Comment: 34 page
Problem Solving of Non-equivalence Problems in English Into Indonesian Text
In the process of transferring one message of Source Language (SL) to Target Language (TL) in a translation must be careful by a translator, because one word may have more than one meaning. By knowing the possible meanings of a word, the meanings appropriately should be translated by a translator, and the readers will get the meaning and information of the target text. The equal meaning of source language to the target language is equivalnce, but non-equivalence occurs when the meaning in source language is not translated into the target language. There are many strategies to solve the problems of non-equivalence in Indonesian into English. A translator has a strategy to solve it. These strategies, that is, cultural, loan word, pharaphase, omission, semantically, hyponyms, etc
Using Cross-Lingual Explicit Semantic Analysis for Improving Ontology Translation
Semantic Web aims to allow machines to make inferences using the explicit conceptualisations contained in ontologies. By pointing to ontologies, Semantic Web-based applications are able to inter-operate and share common information easily. Nevertheless, multilingual semantic applications are still rare, owing to the fact that most online ontologies are monolingual in English. In order to solve this issue, techniques for ontology localisation and translation are needed. However, traditional machine translation is difficult to apply to ontologies, owing to the fact that ontology labels tend to be quite short in length and linguistically different from the free text paradigm. In this paper, we propose an approach to enhance machine translation of ontologies based on exploiting the well-structured concept descriptions contained in the ontology. In particular, our approach leverages the semantics contained in the ontology by using Cross Lingual Explicit Semantic Analysis (CLESA) for context-based disambiguation in phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The presented work is novel in the sense that application of CLESA in SMT has not been performed earlier to the best of our knowledge
Translating and Evolving: Towards a Model of Language Change in DisCoCat
The categorical compositional distributional (DisCoCat) model of meaning
developed by Coecke et al. (2010) has been successful in modeling various
aspects of meaning. However, it fails to model the fact that language can
change. We give an approach to DisCoCat that allows us to represent language
models and translations between them, enabling us to describe translations from
one language to another, or changes within the same language. We unify the
product space representation given in (Coecke et al., 2010) and the functorial
description in (Kartsaklis et al., 2013), in a way that allows us to view a
language as a catalogue of meanings. We formalize the notion of a lexicon in
DisCoCat, and define a dictionary of meanings between two lexicons. All this is
done within the framework of monoidal categories. We give examples of how to
apply our methods, and give a concrete suggestion for compositional translation
in corpora.Comment: In Proceedings CAPNS 2018, arXiv:1811.0270
The development of translation theories in Europe
Este artigo trata do desenvolvimento dos estudos da tradução na Europa, no siculo XX. O maior enfoque está na mudança da perspeciiva de pesquisa, da comparação entre línguas para a confrontação de textos e da focalização datradução como atividade pragmática para a investigação do pensamento do tradutor (perspectiva cognitiva). Paralelamente à discussão dos conceitos teóricos, comenta-se também o desenvolvimento institucional dos estudos da tradução.Der vorliegende Aufsatz behandelt die Entwicklung der europäischen Übersetzungswissenschaft im 20. Jahrhundert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Wandel der Forschungsperspektive vom Vergleich einzelner Sprachen hin zur Gegenüberstellung von Texten und von der Betonung des Handlungscharakters der Übersetzung hin zur Untersuchung des übersetzerischen Denkens (kognitive Perspektive). Parallel zur Diskussion theoretischer Konzepte, ist auch die institutionelle Entwicklung der Übersetzungswissenschaft Gegenstand der Untersuchung
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