Las ontologías en la ingeniería de software: un acercamiento de dos grandes áreas del conocimiento

Los conceptos ontológicos se suelen acercar más a la ingeniería del conocimiento, por lo que los ingenieros del software no los suelen aplicar para resolver problemas de su área. Es necesario que los ingenieros de software se apropien de las ontologías, pues éstas proporcionan un vocabulario común, que podría contribuir en la solución de problemas recurrentes en ingeniería del software, tales como la dificultad de la comunicación entre analista e interesado para definir los requisitos de un sistema, la baja reutilización de componentes y la escasa generación automática de código, entre otros. En este artículo se presenta un primer enlace entre las ontologías y la ingeniería de software mediante la recopilación y análisis de la literatura relativa a la utilización de las ontologías en las diferentes fases del ciclo de vida de un producto de software

Une approche ontologique dédiée à la production de ressources pédagogiques en ligne : Expérience dans le contexte du campus numérique International e-mi@ge

26 pagesCe rapport décrit la contribution de chercheurs du Laboratoire Modélisation Information Systèmes (MIS) de l'Université de Picardie Jules Verne dans le projet OURAL (Ontologies pour l'Utilisation de Ressources de formation et d'Annotations sémantiques en Ligne). Ce projet, initié en 2003, avait pour objectif de proposer, en s'appuyant sur plusieurs études de cas, des modèles et des services à base d'ontologies pour la manipulation de ressources pédagogiques en ligne. L'étude de cas qui concernait l'équipe amiénoise est basée sur une étude terrain dans le cadre du campus numérique International e-MIAGE et une analyse bibliographique ciblées sur les Activités Pédagogiques Collectives Distantes (APCD). Ce travail nous a alors permis de proposer une ontologie spécifique au contexte e-MIAGE et de définir des prototypes de services dédiés à apporter une assistance aux enseignants concepteurs de ressources dans le cadre de ce campus numérique

Le idee e il muro del suono. I programmi per elaboratore nella più recente giurisprudenza europea

Computer programs in the most recent european case la

Towards an Ontology of Software

Software is permeating every aspect of our personal and social life. And yet, the cluster of concepts around the notion of software, such as the notions of a software product, software requirements, software specifications, are still poorly understood with no consensus on the horizon. For many, software is just code, something intangible best defined in contrast with hardware, but it is not particularly illuminating. This erroneous notion, software is just code, presents both in the ontology of software literature and in the software maintenance tools. This notion is obviously wrong because it doesn’t account for the fact that whenever someone fixes a bug, the code of a software system changes, but nobody believes that this is a different software system. Several researchers have attempted to understand the core nature of software and programs in terms of concepts such as code, copy, medium and execution. More recently, a proposal was made by Irmak to consider software as an abstract artifact, distinct from code, just because code may change while the software remains the same. We share many of his intuitions, as well as the methodology he adopts to motivate his conclusions, based on an analysis of the condition under which software maintains its identity despite change. However, he leaves the question of ‘what is the identity of software’ open, and we answer this question here. Trying to answer the question left open by Irmak, the main objective of this dissertation is to lay the foundations for an ontology of software, grounded on the foundational ontology DOLCE. This new ontology of software is intended to facilitate the communication within the community by reducing terminological ambiguities, and by resolving inconsistencies. If we had a better footing on answering the question ‘What is software?’, we'd be in a position to build better tools for maintaining and managing a software system throughout its lifetime. The research contents of the thesis consist of three results. Firstly, we dive into the ontological nature of software, recognizing it as an abstract information artifact. To support this proposal the first main contribution of the dissertation is demonstrated from three dimensions: (1) We distinguish software (non-physical object) from hardware (physical object), and demonstrate the idea that the rapid changing speed of software is supported by the easy changeability of its medium hardware; (2) Furthermore, we discuss about the artifactual nature of software, addressing the erroneous notion, software is just code, presents both in the ontology of software literature and in the software maintenance tools; (3)At last, we recognize software as an information artifact, and this approach ensures that software inherits all the properties of an information artifact, and the study and research could be directly reused for software then. Secondly, we propose an ontology founded on the concepts adopted from Requirements Engineering (RE), such as the notions of World and Machine phenomena. In this ontology, we make a sharp distinction between different kinds of software artifacts (software program, software system, and software product), and describe the ways they are inter-connected in the context of a software engineering process. Additionally, we study software from a Social Perspective, explaining the concepts of licensable software product and licensed software product. Also, we discuss about the possibility to adopt our ontology of software in software configuration management systems to provide a better understanding and control of software changes. Thirdly, we note the important role played by assumptions in getting software to fulfill its requirements. The requirements for most software systems -- the intended states-of-affairs these systems are supposed to bring about -- concern their operational environment, usually a social world. But these systems don’t have any direct means to change that environment in order to bring about the intended states-of-affairs. In what sense then can we say that such systems fulfill their requirements? One of the main contributions of this dissertation is to account for this paradox. We do so by proposing a preliminary ontology of assumptions that are implicitly used in software engineering practice to establish that a system specification S fulfills its requirements R given a set of assumptions A, and our proposal is illustrated with a meeting scheduling example

Il paradigma proprietario e l'appropriazione dell'immateriale

Uno studio sui paradigmi dell'appropriazione materiale e immateriale, con particolare attenzione per il diritto privato europeo e dalle prospettive dei limiti dei diritti e dell'evoluzione tecnologica.A study on the paradigms of the material and immaterial appropriation, with particular attention to the european private law and from the perspective of limitations to the rights and technological innovation

Технология комплексной поддержки жизненного цикла семантически совместимых интеллектуальных компьютерных систем нового поколения

В издании представлено описание текущей версии открытой технологии онтологического проектирования, производства и эксплуатации семантически совместимых гибридных интеллектуальных компьютерных систем (Технологии OSTIS). Предложена стандартизация интеллектуальных компьютерных систем, а также стандартизация методов и средств их проектирования, что является важнейшим фактором, обеспечивающим семантическую совместимость интеллектуальных компьютерных систем и их компонентов, что существенное снижение трудоемкости разработки таких систем. Книга предназначена всем, кто интересуется проблемами искусственного интеллекта, а также специалистам в области интеллектуальных компьютерных систем и инженерии знаний. Может быть использована студентами, магистрантами и аспирантами специальности «Искусственный интеллект». Табл. 8. Ил. 223. Библиогр.: 665 назв