4,148 research outputs found
Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays
This paper surveys recent advances in the area of very large MIMO systems.
With very large MIMO, we think of systems that use antenna arrays with an
order of magnitude more elements than in systems being built today, say a
hundred antennas or more. Very large MIMO entails an unprecedented number of
antennas simultaneously serving a much smaller number of terminals. The
disparity in number emerges as a desirable operating condition and a practical
one as well. The number of terminals that can be simultaneously served is
limited, not by the number of antennas, but rather by our inability to acquire
channel-state information for an unlimited number of terminals. Larger numbers
of terminals can always be accommodated by combining very large MIMO technology
with conventional time- and frequency-division multiplexing via OFDM. Very
large MIMO arrays is a new research field both in communication theory,
propagation, and electronics and represents a paradigm shift in the way of
thinking both with regards to theory, systems and implementation. The ultimate
vision of very large MIMO systems is that the antenna array would consist of
small active antenna units, plugged into an (optical) fieldbus.Comment: Accepted for publication in the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,
October 201
Time Reversal with Post-Equalization for OFDM without CP in Massive MIMO
This paper studies the possibility of eliminating the redundant cyclic prefix
(CP) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in massive
multiple-input multiple-output systems. The absence of CP increases the
bandwidth efficiency in expense of intersymbol interference (ISI) and
intercarrier interference (ICI). It is known that in massive MIMO, different
types of interference fade away as the number of base station (BS) antennas
tends to infinity. In this paper, we investigate if the channel distortions in
the absence of CP are averaged out in the large antenna regime. To this end, we
analytically study the performance of the conventional maximum ratio combining
(MRC) and realize that there always remains some residual interference leading
to saturation of signal to interference (SIR). This saturation of SIR is
quantified through mathematical equations. Moreover, to resolve the saturation
problem, we propose a technique based on time-reversal MRC with zero forcing
multiuser detection (TR-ZF). Thus, the SIR of our proposed TR-ZF does not
saturate and is a linear function of the number of BS antennas. We also show
that TR-ZF only needs one OFDM demodulator per user irrespective of the number
of BS antennas; reducing the BS signal processing complexity significantly.
Finally, we corroborate our claims as well as analytical results through
simulations.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Computational polarimetric microwave imaging
We propose a polarimetric microwave imaging technique that exploits recent
advances in computational imaging. We utilize a frequency-diverse cavity-backed
metasurface, allowing us to demonstrate high-resolution polarimetric imaging
using a single transceiver and frequency sweep over the operational microwave
bandwidth. The frequency-diverse metasurface imager greatly simplifies the
system architecture compared with active arrays and other conventional
microwave imaging approaches. We further develop the theoretical framework for
computational polarimetric imaging and validate the approach experimentally
using a multi-modal leaky cavity. The scalar approximation for the interaction
between the radiated waves and the target---often applied in microwave
computational imaging schemes---is thus extended to retrieve the susceptibility
tensors, and hence providing additional information about the targets.
Computational polarimetry has relevance for existing systems in the field that
extract polarimetric imagery, and particular for ground observation. A growing
number of short-range microwave imaging applications can also notably benefit
from computational polarimetry, particularly for imaging objects that are
difficult to reconstruct when assuming scalar estimations.Comment: 17 pages, 15 figure
Beamforming and time reversal imaging for near-field electromagnetic localisation using planar antenna arrays
University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.The localisation of radiating sources of electromagnetic waves in the near-field of a
receiver antenna array are of use in a vast range of applications, such as in microwave
imaging, wireless communications, RFID, real time localisation systems and remote
sensing etc. Localisation of targets embedded in a background dielectric medium, which is
usually the case in Radar, UWB imaging and remote sensing, can be done using the
scattered response received at the antennas. In this thesis, we investigate methods for
localisation of both near-field radiating as well as scattering sources of electromagnetic
waves.
For localisation of near-field radiating sources, planar antenna arrays such as
concentric circular ring array (CCRA), uniform rectangular array (URA), uniform circular
array (UCA) and elliptic array are employed. The thesis employs beamforming and
parameter estimation methods for localisation and proposes novel algorithms that are based
on standard Capon beamformer (SCB), subspace based superresolution algorithms
(MUSIC and ESPRIT) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Complex array geometries
can suffer from severe mutual coupling and are susceptible to array modelling errors.
These errors impair the performance of algorithms that are used for beamforming and
parameter estimation for localisation. To overcome the limitations of standard Capon
beamformer (SCB), a modified capon beamforming method is proposed to make SCB
robust against both array modelling error and mutual coupling effects. The proposed
method is applied with planar antenna arrays for localisation of near-field sources. Planar
arrays are also used with MUSIC and ESPRIT superreso lution algorithms for performance
investigation in a near-field source localisation. Here, to reduce the computational burden
of standard MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms, a novel method to estimate the range using
the time-delay is proposed. Lastly, to overcome the performance limitations of
superresolution algorithms with planar arrays, the ML estimation is investigated for the
localisation of near-field sources using planar arrays. Since ML method cannot
automatically detect the number of sources, a novel method is proposed here for detecting
the number of sources. Finally, performance comparisons of all the methods under
investigation have been presented using computer simulations.
In order to localise targets embedded either in homogeneous or in heterogeneous
background medium, we employ time reversal (TR) techniques that localise based on the
received scattering responses from the embedded targets. We propose a novel beamspace-
TR technique that can achieve efficient focusing on targets embedded in both a
homogeneous and heterogeneous dielectric background media. It is shown that prior to
back propagation, applying beamspace processing to the TR operation in the receiving
mode helps achieve a reduced dimensional computation and achieves selective focusing.
We have also proposed beamspace-TR-MUSIC algorithm for improving the resolution of
standard TR-MUSIC algorithm. Performance of these techniques is investigated for
localising the target embedded in a clutter rich dielectric background where the dielectric
contrast between the target and the background medium is very low. We also propose to
extend the maximum likelihood based TR (TR-ML) to improve the focusing ability and to
help to localise dielectric targets embedded in a highly cluttered dielectric medium. To
prove the ability of the proposed algorithms, they are applied to the problem of UWB radar
imaging for the detection of early stage breast cancer. Computer simulations are used for
the investigation of the imaging performance of TR, beamspace-TR, TR-MUSIC,
beamspace-TR-MUSIC and TR-ML methods on a two-dimensional electromagnetic
heterogeneous dielectric scattering model of the breast
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