Towards a Layered Architectural View for Security Analysis in SCADA Systems

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems support and control the operation of many critical infrastructures that our society depend on, such as power grids. Since SCADA systems become a target for cyber attacks and the potential impact of a successful attack could lead to disastrous consequences in the physical world, ensuring the security of these systems is of vital importance. A fundamental prerequisite to securing a SCADA system is a clear understanding and a consistent view of its architecture. However, because of the complexity and scale of SCADA systems, this is challenging to acquire. In this paper, we propose a layered architectural view for SCADA systems, which aims at building a common ground among stakeholders and supporting the implementation of security analysis. In order to manage the complexity and scale, we define four interrelated architectural layers, and uses the concept of viewpoints to focus on a subset of the system. We indicate the applicability of our approach in the context of SCADA system security analysis.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Corporate envy and emotional dynamics in the internal selection process of corporate venturing initiatives

Corporate venturing initiatives, which exemplify corporate entrepreneurial behavior, follow an evolutionary path of variation, selection, and retention. While their external selection is a consequence of their performance, their internal selection is subject to forces of complementarity and legitimacy, and how well competition from other initiatives is overcome. This chapter aims to unfold the dynamics of the internal selection process of initiatives, focusing on its emotional dimensions. Assuming that organizational agents have a deliberate role in guiding the internal selection process of initiatives, the chapter examines how organizational agents' emotional dynamics influence this process. The chapter draws its theoretical basis from the intraorganizational evolutionary perspective and the literature on emotions in organizations. The case of a corporate venturing initiative and the narratives of four managers involved directly and indirectly in the initiative are used to illustrate how the emotional dynamics of organizational members evoked envy toward a venturing initiative and directly impacted its degree of competition and complementarity with other interacting initiatives, ultimately hampering its selection

Accounting for Science: The Independence of Public Research in the New, Subterranean Administrative Law

The White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is putting the final touches on a system designed to account for the science used by federal agencies in their administrative missions. There are reasons for concern that OMB\u27s new programs could be used to skew the system by which regulatory science is generated in the first place

Software development: A paradigm for the future

A new paradigm for software development that treats software development as an experimental activity is presented. It provides built-in mechanisms for learning how to develop software better and reusing previous experience in the forms of knowledge, processes, and products. It uses models and measures to aid in the tasks of characterization, evaluation and motivation. An organization scheme is proposed for separating the project-specific focus from the organization's learning and reuse focuses of software development. The implications of this approach for corporations, research and education are discussed and some research activities currently underway at the University of Maryland that support this approach are presented

International Growth as Integration of R&D Activities. Evidence from Large Multinational Companies

Corporate R&D internationalization has been analyzed predominantly in terms of the geographic diversification of multinational companies' research laboratories, and only to a lesser extent as a process involving the development of resources and capabilities within organizations and as a means of favoring international integration. This paper analyzes the relation between these two dimensions of internationalization, both of which are relevant for study of the multinational growth of R&D activities. Examination of the literature together with in-depth case reports of two large multinational clusters provides evidence in support of the following statements: · R&D internationalization can be seen as a "gradual" process that takes shape through the formation of specific resources and capabilities, which are developed within individual organizations but are designed to achieve integration both with foreign organizational units of the multinational cluster itself and also with other national innovation systems; · Multinational R&D follows a strategy that is characterized by a strong inter-relation between the formation of foreign research activities and the character of the integration process; · Corporate strategies may correspond to highly diverse and at times even contrasting R&D internationalization models, as shown by the emblematic case analyses presented here. The presence of these different models limits the scope of any general interpretation of the determinants and implications of R&D internationalization.-

Email inquiries in hotels. Comparative study of Łódź and Novosibirsk

Rozdział z: Functioning of the Local Production Systems in Central and Eastern European Countries and Siberia. Case Studies and Comparative Studies, ed. Mariusz E. Sokołowicz.Guests and travel shoppers constantly search and book hotel rooms all over the world on various devices, shifting from one screen to another. Thanks to internet, “anytime, anywhere” access to information quite far outweighs its downsides. In the paper, the author focuses on the efficient use of the Internet as a tool which helps to communicate with clients. The reaction to inquiries sent by email influences both booking behavior and guest satisfaction as well. The objective of the survey presented in this paper is to test empirically response behavior to Internet enquiries. In particular, response time and information quality of received answers (information depth) were also analyzed. The research methods, which are used in the article, include the issue analysis, desktop study (review of academic papers with related works), the survey (using mystery shopping methodology) and analysis of the obtained results.Monograph financed under a contract of execution of the international scientific project within 7th Framework Programme of the European Union, co-financed by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (title: “Functioning of the Local Production Systems in the Conditions of Economic Crisis (Comparative Analysis and Benchmarking for the EU and Beyond”)). Monografia sfinansowana w oparciu o umowę o wykonanie projektu między narodowego w ramach 7. Programu Ramowego UE, współfinansowanego ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (tytuł projektu: „Funkcjonowanie lokalnych systemów produkcyjnych w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego (analiza porównawcza i benchmarking w wybranych krajach UE oraz krajach trzecich”))

Referent tracking for corporate memories

For corporate memory and enterprise ontology systems to be maximally useful, they must be freed from certain barriers placed around them by traditional knowledge management paradigms. This means, above all, that they must mirror more faithfully those portions of reality which are salient to the workings of the enterprise, including the changes that occur with the passage of time. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how theories based on philosophical realism can contribute to this objective. We discuss how realism-based ontologies (capturing what is generic) combined with referent tracking (capturing what is specific) can play a key role in building the robust and useful corporate memories of the future

Shopping as a selling strategy for tourism: combination of marketing mix tools

The use of time for entertainment has increased participation both at home and outside and, in our days, we look at the proliferation of a wide range of activities that are included in the leisure economy: tourism, catering, shopping, sports, entertainment... In this sense, a lot of studies agree that the activities related to leisure time of individuals with strong potential for growth as amusement parks, restaurants, tour operators... and, above all, new retail formats that are configured as great business opportunities. Consequently, the main objective of this text is to relate some of the main activities that are encompassed in the new economy of leisure. And as a specific example to analyze the complementarity between trade and tourism in a particular case: Shopping in Seville. Firstly, there exists a theoretical review of the phenomenon of leisure within the needs of individuals and further expenditure is oriented towards this set of activities. Then a classification of the activities offered for the entertainment of individuals paying particular attention to the main Spanish companies involved in some of these sectors and, secondly, the role of shopping as one of the leading suppliers of trade and leisure. Finally, exercise has articulated a dual approach to complementarity between the commercial and tourist activities, first of all, we performed a quantification of non resident consumption by commercial areas, and afterwards, it has developed a classification of regions in terms of its commercial and tourism potential through a cluster analysis