Nuremberg Race Laws

Front: Tan background with black text and charts made of circles with different colors in them. Red title at top. Charts like this were used to determine ancestry under the Nuremberg Race Laws. Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: At the Nazi party rally of 1935, Hitler signed the Nuremberg Race Laws. The laws come under two different headings, The Protection of German Blood and German Honor and The Reich Citizenship Laws. The first section was used to determine exactly who was identified as a Jew. Under the law, a person was considered a Jew even if they did not practice the Jewish faith. A full-Jew was defined as an individual with three or more Jewish grandparents. A half-Jew or mischling, was an individual with two Jewish grandparents. A person with one Jewish grandparent was a quarter-Jew or mischling of the second degree. Charts were handed out explaining the laws. The second section was the Reich Citizenship Laws, which stripped away German citizenship from all Jews. They were not allowed to vote or hold public office. It prohibited them from marrying a person of German blood. Jews were required to register their businesses with the German government, then Nazis would release the proprietors with no compensation. The businesses were then sold to non-Jewish Germans at a bargain price. During the first six years of the Nazi regime, there were over 400 legal restrictions imposed upon Jews and other persecuted groups. This card is a recent copy of the original.https://digital.kenyon.edu/bulmash/1184/thumbnail.jp

The Close Corporation and the Colorado Lawyer

http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ucollr39&div=24&collection=journal

Exercising Authority, Restoring Accountability: AFL-CIO Proxy Voting Guidelines

[Excerpt] We are pleased to provide trustees of union benefit funds with revised AFL-CIO Proxy Voting Guidelines. These Guidelines have been updated to reflect major regulatory reforms enacted in 2002 and 2003, and to further raise the bar on corporate governance and accountability in the wake of recent corporate scandals

A Study of the Relationship Between the Principles of Distributive Justice and Political Ideology

Ideology plays a very important role in everyday life, particularly in a President’s term of office. Under the Presidency of George W. Bush, welfare and other Social Services were severely cut due to the fact that he believed in more conservative viewpoints (higher military spending, higher tax cuts for the wealthy, etc.). However, ideologies are not only seen on a grand scale: everyone makes day-to-day decisions based on his/her own beliefs. This study hypothesized that males within the Providence College student body would believe in more conservative ideologies, whereas females would believe in more liberal ones. Statements based on both the Principles of Distributive Justice, in addition to the mission statements from the four main political parties were taken and put into a questionnaire. Participants (a total of 41) were then asked to rate these statements on a Likert Scale from one (Strongly Disagree) to five (Strongly Agree). Correlations and trends based on gender and home state were then analyzed. Based on the Independent T-Test, one Socialist question regarding the elimination of corporate influence in the Federal Government was statistically significant (t=0.017, p \u3c 0.05). Two others approached 0.05: one Republican and one Democrat. The findings of this study suggested that males tended to identify more strongly with conservative statements and females with liberal statements, validating the hypothesis of this study

Information (In)Efficiency in Prediction Markets

We analyze the extent to which simple markets can be used to aggregate dispersed information into efficient forecasts of unknown future events. From the examination of case studies in a variety of financial settings we enumerate and suggest solutions to various pitfalls of these simple markets. Despite the potential problems, we show that market-generated forecasts are typically fairly accurate in a variety of prediction contexts, and that they outperform most moderately sophisticated benchmarks. We also show how conditional contracts can be used to discover the markets belief about correlations between events, and how with further assumptions these correlations can be used to make decisions

Against Inefficacy Objections: The Real Economic Impact of Individual Consumer Choices on Animal Agriculture

When consumers choose to abstain from purchasing meat, they face some uncertainty about whether their decisions will have an impact on the number of animals raised and killed. Consequentialists have argued that this uncertainty should not dissuade consumers from a vegetarian diet because the “expected” impact, or average impact, will be predictable. Recently, however, critics have argued that the expected marginal impact of a consumer change is likely to be much smaller or more radically unpredictable than previously thought. This objection to the consequentialist case for vegetarianism is known as the “causal inefficacy” (or “causal impotence”) objection. In this paper, we argue that the inefficacy objection fails. First, we summarize the contours of the objection and the standard “expected impact” response to it. Second, we examine and rebut two contemporary attempts (by Mark Budolfson and Ted Warfield) to defeat the expected impact reply through alleged demonstrations of the inefficacy of abstaining from meat consumption. Third, we argue that there are good reasons to believe that single individual consumers—not just individual consumers taken as an aggregate—really do make a positive difference when they choose to abstain from meat consumption. Our case rests on three economic observations: (i) animal producers operate in a highly competitive environment, (ii) complex supply chains efficiently communicate some information about product demand, and (iii) consumers of plant-based meat alternatives have positive consumption spillover effects on other consumers