[Report of] Specialist Committee V.4: ocean, wind and wave energy utilization

The committee's mandate was :Concern for structural design of ocean energy utilization devices, such as offshore wind turbines, support structures and fixed or floating wave and tidal energy converters. Attention shall be given to the interaction between the load and the structural response and shall include due consideration of the stochastic nature of the waves, current and wind

Government review of the Mod-2 wind turbine (as-built)

The findings and recommendations of the Government committee formed to conduct an as-built review of the three Mod-2 wind turbine units at Goldendale, Washington are given. The purpose of the review was to identify any critical deficiencies in machine components that could result in failure, and to recommend any necessary corrective action before resuming safe machine operation. The review concluded that one of the deficiencies identified would preclude planned attended or unattended operation, provided that certain corrective actions were implemented

Aeronautical Engineering: A special bibliography with indexes, supplement 48

This special bibliography lists 291 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1974

The MOD-OA 200 kilowatt wind turbine generator design and analysis report

The project requirements, approach, system description, design requirements, design, analysis, system tests, installation safety considerations, failure modes and effects analysis, data acquisition, and initial performance for the MOD-OA 200 kw wind turbine generator are discussed. The components, the rotor, driven train, nacelle equipment, yaw drive mechanism and brake, tower, foundation, electrical system, and control systems are presented. The rotor includes the blades, hub and pitch change mechanism. The drive train includes the low speed shaft, speed increaser, high speed shaft, and rotor brake. The electrical system includes the generator, switchgear, transformer, and utility connection. The control systems are the blade pitch, yaw, and generator control, and the safety system. Manual, automatic, and remote control and Dynamic loads and fatigue are analyzed

Failure mode identification and end of life scenarios of offshore wind turbines: a review

In 2007, the EU established challenging goals for all Member States with the aim of obtaining 20% of their energy consumption from renewables, and offshore wind is expected to be among the renewable energy sources contributing highly towards achieving this target. Currently wind turbines are designed for a 25-year service life with the possibility of operational extension. Extending their efficient operation and increasing the overall electricity production will significantly increase the return on investment (ROI) and decrease the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), considering that Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) will be distributed over a larger production output. The aim of this paper is to perform a detailed failure mode identification throughout the service life of offshore wind turbines and review the three most relevant end of life (EOL) scenarios: life extension, repowering and decommissioning. Life extension is considered the most desirable EOL scenario due to its profitability. It is believed that combining good inspection, operations and maintenance (O&M) strategies with the most up to date structural health monitoring and condition monitoring systems for detecting previously identified failure modes, will make life extension feasible. Nevertheless, for the cases where it is not feasible, other options such as repowering or decommissioning must be explored

MOD-0A 200 kW wind turbine generator design and analysis report

The design, analysis, and initial performance of the MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine generator at Clayton, NM is documented. The MOD-OA was designed and built to obtain operation and performance data and experience in utility environments. The project requirements, approach, system description, design requirements, design, analysis, system tests, installation, safety considerations, failure modes and effects analysis, data acquisition, and initial performance for the wind turbine are discussed. The design and analysis of the rotor, drive train, nacelle equipment, yaw drive mechanism and brake, tower, foundation, electricl system, and control systems are presented. The rotor includes the blades, hub, and pitch change mechanism. The drive train includes the low speed shaft, speed increaser, high speed shaft, and rotor brake. The electrical system includes the generator, switchgear, transformer, and utility connection. The control systems are the blade pitch, yaw, and generator control, and the safety system. Manual, automatic, and remote control are discussed. Systems analyses on dynamic loads and fatigue are presented

Wind Turbine Tribology

Wind power is of increasing interest in society due to its prospects as an environmentally friendly source of renewable energy. The use of wind turbines to extract electrical energy from wind can be dated back to the late-1800s, with the 12 kW windmill generator by Charles Brush, as well as the mid-1900s, with the 1250 kW Smith-Putnam wind turbine. Developments in the wind industry were encouraged by the oil crisis in 1973

Wind Farm Coordinated Control and Optimisation

This thesis develops and implements computationally efficient and accurate wind farm coordinated control strategies increasing energy per area by mitigating wake losses. Simulations with data from the Brazos, Le Sole de Moulin Vieux (SMV) and Lillgrund wind farms show an increase of up to 8% in farm production and up to 6% in efficiency. A live field implementation of coordinated control strategies show that curtailing upstream turbine by up to 17% in full or near-full wake conditions can increase downstream turbine’s production by up to 11%. To the best knowledge of the author, this is the first practical implementation of Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) based coordinated control strategies in an operating wind farm. With coordinated control, upstream turbines are curtailed using coefficient of power or yaw offsets in such a way that the decrease in upstream turbines’ production is less than the increase in downstream turbines’ production resulting in net gain. This optimum curtailment is achieved with on-line coordinated control which requires an accurate and fast processing wind deficit model and an optimiser which achieves the desired results with high processing speed using minimum overheads. Performance evaluation of carefully selected optimisers was undertaken using an objective function developed for increasing farm production based on coordinated control. This evaluation concluded that Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is the most suitable optimiser for on-line coordinated control due to its high processing speed, computational efficiency and solution quality. The standard Jensen model was used as a starting point for developing a fast processing and accurate wind deficit model referred to as the Turbulence Intensity based Jensen Model (TI-JM), taking wake added turbulence intensity and deep array effect into consideration. The TI-JM uses free-stream and wake-added turbulence intensities for predicting effective values of wake decay coefficients deep inside the farm. This model is validated using WindPRO and data from three wind farms case studies as benchmarks. A methodology for assessing the impact of wakes on farm production is developed. This methodology visualises wake effects (in 360°) by calculating power production using data from the wind farms (case-studies). The wake affected wind conditions are further analysed by calculating relative efficiency. The innovative coordinated control strategies are evaluated using data from the wind farms case studies and WindPRO as benchmarks. A live field implementation of coordinated control strategies demonstrated that the production of downstream turbines can be increased by curtailing upstream turbines. This field setup consisted of two operating wind turbines equipped with modern LiDAR. Analyses of the high frequency real time data were performed comparing field results with simulations. It was found that simulations are in good agreement (within a range of 1.5%) with field results

mechanical behaviour of wind turbines operating above design conditions

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