The eightfold way to dissipation

We provide a complete characterization of hydrodynamic transport consistent with the second law of thermodynamics at arbitrary orders in the gradient expansion. A key ingredient in facilitating this analysis is the notion of adiabatic hydrodynamics, which enables isolation of the genuinely dissipative parts of transport. We demonstrate that most transport is adiabatic. Furthermore, of the dissipative part, only terms at the leading order in gradient expansion are constrained to be sign-definite by the second law (as has been derived before).Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure. v2: minor clarifications. v3: minor changes. title in published version differ

The Eightfold Way: Why Analyticity, Apriority and Necessity are Independent

This paper concerns the three great modal dichotomies: (i) the necessary/contingent dichotomy; (ii) the a priori/empirical dichotomy; and (iii) the analytic/synthetic dichotomy. These can be combined to produce a tri-dichotomy of eight modal categories. The question as to which of the eight categories house statements and which do not is a pivotal battleground in the history of analytic philosophy, with key protagonists including Descartes, Hume, Kant, Kripke, Putnam and Kaplan. All parties to the debate have accepted that some categories are void. This paper defends the contrary view that all eight categories house statements—a position I dub ‘octopropositionalism’. Examples of statements belonging to all eight categories are given

The Eightfold Way to Dissipation: Classification of Hydrodynamic Transport

Hydrodynamics is the low-energy effective field theory of any interacting quantum theory, capturing the long-wavelength fluctuations of an equilibrium Gibbs density matrix. Conventionally, one views the effective dynamics in terms of the conserved currents, which should be expressed in terms of the fluid velocity and the intensive parameters such as the temperature and chemical potential. However, not all currents allowed by symmetry are physically acceptable; one has to ensure that the second law of thermodynamics is satisfied on all physical configurations. We provide a complete solution to hydrodynamic transport at all orders in the gradient expansion compatible with the second law constraint. The key new ingredient we introduce is the notion of adiabaticity, which allows us to take hydrodynamics off-shell. Adiabatic fluids are such that off-shell dynamics of the fluid compensates for entropy production. The space of adiabatic fluids admits a decomposition into seven distinct classes. Together with the dissipative class this establishes the eightfold way of hydrodynamic transport. Furthermore, recent results guarantee that dissipative terms beyond leading order in the gradient expansion are agnostic of the second law. After completing the transport taxonomy, we go on to argue for a new symmetry principle, an Abelian gauge invariance that guarantees adiabaticity in hydrodynamics and serves as the emergent version of microscopic KMS conditions. We demonstrate its utility by explicitly constructing effective actions for adiabatic transport (i.e., seven out of eight classes). The theory of adiabatic fluids, we speculate, provides a useful starting point for a new framework to describe non-equilibrium dynamics. We outline briefly the crucial role of the proposed symmetry of gauged thermal translations in the construction of a Schwinger-Keldysh effective action that encompasses all of hydrodynamic transport

Lie groups, Lie algebras, representations and the Eightfold way

Treballs Finals de Grau de Matemàtiques, Facultat de Matemàtiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2016, Director: Ricardo García LópezLie groups and Lie algebras are the basic objects of study of this work. Lie studied them as continuous transformations of partial differential equations, emulating Galois work with polynomial equations. The theory went much further thanks to Killing, Cartan and Weyl and now the wealth of properties of Lie groups makes them a central topic in modern mathematics. This richness comes from the merging of two initially unrelated mathematical structures such as the group structure and the smooth structure of a manifold, which turns out to impose many restrictions. For instance, a closed subgroup of a Lie group is automatically an embedded submanifold of the Lie group. Symmetries are related to groups, in particular continuous symmetries are related to Lie groups and whence, by Noether’s theorem, its importance in modern physics. In this work, we focus on the Lie group - Lie algebra relationship and on the representation theory of Lie groups through the representations of Lie algebras. Especially, we analyze the complex representations of Lie algebras related to compact simply connected Lie groups. With this purpose, we first study the theory of covering spaces and differential forms on Lie groups. Finally, an application to particle physics is presented which shows the role played by the representation theory of SU(3) on flavour symmetry and the theory of quarks

The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry

A new model of the higher symmetry of elementary particles is introduced ln which the eight known baryons are treated as a supermultiplet, degenerate in the limit of unitary symmetry but split into isotopic spin multiplets by a symmetry-breaking term. The symmetry violation is sscribed phenomenologically to the mass differences. The baryons correspond to an eight-dimensional irreducible representation of the unitary group. The pion and K meson fit into a similar set of eight particles along with a predicted pseudoscalar meson X/sup o/ having I = 0. A ninth vector meson coupled to the baryon current can be accomodated natarally in the scheme. It is predicted that the eight baryons should all have the same spin and parity and that pseudoscalar and vector mesons should form octets with possible additional singlets. The mathematics of the unitary group is described by considering three fictitious leptons, nu , e/sup -/ , and mu /sup -/, which may throw light on the structure of weak interactions. (D. L.C.

The Masses of the Light Quarks

Talk given at the Conference on Fundamental Interactions of Elementary Particles, ITEP, Moscow, Oct. 1995. The paper reviews the current status of knowledge concerning m_u, m_d and m_s. Qualitative aspects of the resulting picture for the breaking of isospin and eightfold way symmetries are discussed. At a more quantitative level, the review focuses on the chiral perturbation theory results for the masses of the Goldstone bosons. The corresponding bounds and estimates for the ratios m_u/m_d and m_s/m_d are described in some detail.Comment: 23 pages, 3 figure