Normalized Information Distance

The normalized information distance is a universal distance measure for objects of all kinds. It is based on Kolmogorov complexity and thus uncomputable, but there are ways to utilize it. First, compression algorithms can be used to approximate the Kolmogorov complexity if the objects have a string representation. Second, for names and abstract concepts, page count statistics from the World Wide Web can be used. These practical realizations of the normalized information distance can then be applied to machine learning tasks, expecially clustering, to perform feature-free and parameter-free data mining. This chapter discusses the theoretical foundations of the normalized information distance and both practical realizations. It presents numerous examples of successful real-world applications based on these distance measures, ranging from bioinformatics to music clustering to machine translation.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures, pdf, in: Normalized information distance, in: Information Theory and Statistical Learning, Eds. M. Dehmer, F. Emmert-Streib, Springer-Verlag, New-York, To appea

An adaptive tutoring machine based on Web learning assessment

[[abstract]]Student performance is difficult to measure in distance learning. The authors discuss a system which keeps track of the interaction behavior of each student while one is visiting a distance learning Web document. The system also uses a dynamic finite state machine to generate new Web documents based on the interaction behavior. The contribution of such a mechanism benefits both teachers in understanding their instruction achievement and students in realizing their learning progress.[[conferencetype]]國際[[conferencedate]]20000731~20000802[[booktype]]紙本[[conferencelocation]]New York, NY, US

Menacing Machines and Sublime Cities: Hedda Sterne and Abstract Expressionism

The canon of Abstract Expressionism ignores the achievements of female painters. This study examines one of the neglected artists involved in the movement, Hedda Sterne. Through in-depth analysis of her Machine series and New York, New York series, this study illuminates the differences and similarities of Sterne‟s paintings to the early stages of Abstract Expressionism. Sterne‟s work both engages with and expands the discussions of “primitive” signs, the sublime and urban abstraction. Her early training in Romania and experience of WWII as well as her use of mechanical symbols and spray paint contribute to a similar yet unique voice in Abstract Expressionism

Vine to Wine: An Analysis of Value Construction or Destruction at the Point of Production

Abstract. Due to topographic circumstances, the Finger Lakes Region of New York is capable of producing wine; albeit the region is limited by the climate and soil types of this region. While the potential is apparent to viticulturists and oenologists, the consumers seem to be unaware or unconscious of these abilities and hold the area to standards outside of its capabilities; in regards to both volume production and varietal preference. Since the region is a consumer driven area, the relationship has been developed with wine that evolves around consumption; this emphasizes volume production that is only possible via machine practices. This use of mechanization is what fosters a disconnect between producer and product: an alienation of the vines, vintner and winemaker. This paper analyses the value construction or destruction at the point of producing and consuming wine in the Finger Lakes Region of New York.Keywords. Product, Consumer, Production process, Labor.JEL. C90, D13, N30

Analisa Efisiensi Energi pada Proses Produksi Obat X di Perusahaan YZ

ABSTRACT Drugs are chemicals that are produced to reduce pain and prevent the risk of various diseases. In the manufacture of drugs, several stages of the process are needed which are quite long and require calculations from each process to produce products that meet the requirements and minimize errors during the process that can cause company losses. The research was carried out by direct observation during the process as well as collecting data on the mass of materials before and after the process, as well as critical parameters listed from the PPI (Main Processing Procedure) book for 1 batch of drug manufacture which takes more than 24 hours to manufacture. From observations, it is known that the drug manufacturing process has an adiabatic process where the resulting mass balance has the equation mass in = mass out and there is no chemical reaction that takes place. In the drying process, the heat balance can be calculated because this process produces heat which requires a certain amount of energy in the process. The drying machine used is an FBD (Fluidized Bed Dryer) machine which requires a certain amount of power so that the efficiency of this machine can be known to maximize the process. Keywords: Drug, FBD, Mass Balance, Heat Balance, Process ABSTRAK Obat merupakan suatu bahan kimia yang diproduksi untuk mengurangi rasa sakit dan mencegah timbulnya risiko berbagai penyakit. Pada pembuatan obat, diperlukan beberapa tahapan proses yang cukup panjang serta membutuhkan perhitungan dari setiap prosesnya untuk menghasilkan produk yang sesuai persyaratan dan meminimalisir kesalahan saat proses yang dapat menyebabkan kerugian perusahaan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pengamatan langsung saat proses berlangsung serta pengumpulan data massa bahan sebelum dan sesudah proses, juga parameter kritis yang tercantum dari buku PPI (Prosedur Pengolahan Induk) untuk 1 batch pembuatan obat dimana pada pembuatannya membutuhkan waktu lebih dari 24 jam. Dari pengamatan, diketahui bahwa pada proses pembuatan obat memiliki proses adiabatik dimana neraca massa yang dihasilkan memiliki persamaan massa masuk = massa keluar dan tidak adanya reaksi kimia yang berlangsung. Pada proses pengeringan, neraca panas dapat dihitung karena pada proses ini menghasilkan panas yang membutuhkan sejumlah energi pada prosesnya. Mesin pengering yang digunakan adalah mesin FBD (Fluidized Bed Dryer) yang membutuhkan sejumlah daya sehingga dapat diketahui efesiensi mesin ini untuk memaksimalkan proses. Kata Kunci : Obat, FBD, Neraca Massa, Neraca Panas, Proses Reference: Anief M., 2000. Ilmu Meracik Obat Teori dan Praktek,.UGM Press,.Yogyakarta. Anief, M., 1991. Apa Yang Perlu Diketahui Tentang Obat. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Ansel, H.C., 1989. Pengantar Bentuk Sediaan Farmasi. diterjemahkan oleh Farida Ibrahim, Asmanizar, Iis Aisyah, Edisi keempat, 255-271, 607-608, 700, Jakarta, UI Press. Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan, 2001. Pedoman Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik, Jakarta. Holman, J.P., 1994. Perpindahan Kalor. Erlangga. Jakarta Jas, A., 2007. Perihal Resep & Kern, D. Q.1965.Process Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Hermawan, Lutfi.2020.Laporan Kerja Praktek PT Kalbe Farma.Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta.Jakarta Howell John R and Buckius Richard O. 1987. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw-H Indriani, Irma.dkk.2009.Pembuatan Fluidized Bed Dryer Pengeringan Benih Pertaniann Secara Resmi Semi Batch.Universitas Sebelas Maret.Surakarta Perry, R.H and Green, D.W.. 1999. Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook. 7thed.. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. New York. Pediatric Dosage Handbook (Including Neonatal Dosing, Drug Administration, & Extemporer Preparation), Lexi-Comp, 2007. Tjay, Tan Hoan dan Rahardja, Kirana, Obat-Obat Penting, Edisi keenam. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta. Universitas Sumatera Utara Press, 1-

Lazy Evaluation and Delimited Control

The call-by-need lambda calculus provides an equational framework for reasoning syntactically about lazy evaluation. This paper examines its operational characteristics. By a series of reasoning steps, we systematically unpack the standard-order reduction relation of the calculus and discover a novel abstract machine definition which, like the calculus, goes "under lambdas." We prove that machine evaluation is equivalent to standard-order evaluation. Unlike traditional abstract machines, delimited control plays a significant role in the machine's behavior. In particular, the machine replaces the manipulation of a heap using store-based effects with disciplined management of the evaluation stack using control-based effects. In short, state is replaced with control. To further articulate this observation, we present a simulation of call-by-need in a call-by-value language using delimited control operations