The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials

Several instances of war crimes trials are familiar to all scholars, but in order to advance understanding of the development of international criminal law, it is important to provide a full range of evidence from less-familiar trials. This book therefore provides a comprehensive overview, uncovering and exploring some of the lesser-known war crimes trials that have taken place in a variety of contexts: international and domestic, northern and southern, historic and contemporary. It analyses these trials with a view to recognizing institutional innovations, clarifying doctrinal debates, and identifying their general relevance to contemporary international criminal law. At the same time, the book recognizes international criminal law's history of suppression or sublimation: What stories has the discipline refused to tell? What stories have been displaced by the ones it has told? Has international criminal law's framing or telling of these stories excluded other possibilities? And — perhaps most important of all — how can recovering the lost stories and imagining new narrative forms reconfigure the discipline

A Theory of Interpretation for Customary International Law

Customary international law (CIL), alongside treaties and general principles, is one of the three primary sources of international law. Historically, rules of CIL are some of the oldest rules of international law, forming the foundations of the system. While scholarship has dealt extensively with questions surrounding the creation and identification of customary rules, less attention has been paid to their interpretation. At the same time, a survey of the practice of domestic and international courts shows that courts frequently engage in the interpretation of customary rules separate from their identification. The existence of this practice calls for a deeper engagement with the question of CIL interpretation.The question of CIL interpretation is a question about how we determine the scope and content of customary rules. The main claim of this thesis is that customary rules can be subject to interpretation, and that interpretation is a specific and separate operation in the continued existence of customary rules, different from their identification. Furthermore, interpretation performs two crucial functions in the continuous existence of customary rules, and accounting for interpretation is both theoretically relevant and practically necessary. In particular, interpretation performs a concretizing function – whereby the scope and content of general customary rules is delineated and made specific, and an evolutive function – whereby older customary rules are updated in light of new factual or legal developments. The two functions that interpretation performs are not mutually exclusive.Accounting for interpretation enables us to better understand the way customary rules function, and the way they are applied in the practice of international law. This thesis offers a theory of interpretation for customary international law that engages with both the doctrinal and the practical aspects of this practice, and provides a systematic account of the role of interpretation in the continued existence of customary rules

The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials

Several instances of war crimes trials are familiar to all scholars, but in order to advance understanding of the development of international criminal law, it is important to provide a full range of evidence from less-familiar trials. This book therefore provides a comprehensive overview, uncovering and exploring some of the lesser-known war crimes trials that have taken place in a variety of contexts: international and domestic, northern and southern, historic and contemporary. It analyses these trials with a view to recognizing institutional innovations, clarifying doctrinal debates, and identifying their general relevance to contemporary international criminal law. At the same time, the book recognizes international criminal law's history of suppression or sublimation: What stories has the discipline refused to tell? What stories have been displaced by the ones it has told? Has international criminal law's framing or telling of these stories excluded other possibilities? And — perhaps most important of all — how can recovering the lost stories and imagining new narrative forms reconfigure the discipline

Aesthetics of Sesotho Literature: The fiction of Thomas Mofolo, and the novelists who came after him

This thesis examines how indigenous literary aesthetics have been utilised in the Sesotho novel in the first century of literary writing in Lesotho. Through comparative analysis of the novels of Mofolo (1907, 1910, 1926) and Basotho novelists who wrote after him, the study presents interface between local aesthetics and forms on the one hand, and the novel on the other, with a focus on the intertextuality between the novel and Sesotho orature. The main objective is to analyse how Basotho writers have integrated oral literature and the novel for a unique literary expression, and how this by extension needs to inform literary criticism of the novel in Sesotho. The first chapter, ‘Introduction’, gives the context and historical background of Sesotho literature and how Sesotho language usage provides possibilities for creativity and continuity (with local traditions) in Sesotho literature. The chapter presents the objectives of the project, theoretical framework, approach, and content of the thesis. It lays out a road-map for the undertaking of stylistic, technical, metaphysical and solidarity in resistance in African literature. This approach analyses techniques and styles that are immanent in the literature and its language, and by so doing facilitates critique of the novel that is localised and decolonial, in particular consideration to the predominant debates in African literature criticism. The second chapter, ‘Literature Review’, looks at the relative absence of aesthetics in literary criticism of Sesotho and African novel and suggests new methods that take into account the instrumental role oral literature and indigenous aesthetics play in the novel in Sesotho. Mofolo, as I argue, decolonises the novel as a form by giving it a unique Sesotho Africanness strongly anchored in his language and culture. More importantly, his novels demonstrate that African literature criticism needs to go beyond the postcolonial and sociological debates which privilege politics over aesthetics, and combine both. Chapter three ‘Stylistics and Techniques of Sesotho Literature’, undertakes a comparative analysis of Mofolo’s Moeti oa Bochabela/Traveller to the East (1907), and Chobokoane’s Ke Lesheleshele Leo a Iphehletseng Lona/Chickens Come Home to Roost (1992) to view how the novelists integrate the aesthetics of indigenous Sesotho orature into their writing. Focusing on stylistics, such as repetition, poetic inserts, symbolism, ideophones and the patterning of imagery, I present ways in which the Sesotho novel expresses continuity between the past and present in the literary expression, over about a century. Chapter four, ‘Metaphysics and Cosmology in Sesotho Literature’, examines African philosophy, metaphysics and cosmology in the Sesotho novel and analyses syncretism between African spirituality and Christianity in the novels. The chapter examines Mofolo’s Pitseng/A Search for true love (1907), Chaka (1926) and Majara’s Liate oa Mafik’a Lisiu/Liate of Mafik’a Lisiu (1976), comparatively, to demonstrate how the search for the understanding of being and existence, and restoration, is expressed by the texts in their narrative expression of an African metaphysics. The final chapter five, ‘Mofolo’s Poetics of Relation: Textual Decolonial Routes - From Lesotho into Africa with Chaka’, analyses how aesthetics of liberation translate themselves into other African contexts. It examines Mofolo’s role and his influence on other African writers through his use of orature. Through analysis of Lesotho’s Khaketla’s Mosali’a Nkhola/A woman betrayed me (1960), L.opold S.dar Senghor’s “Shaka” (1958) and Wole Soyinka ’s Ogun Abibima. (1976), adaptations of Mofolo’s Chaka, the chapter presents resistance and creation of local and global African networks of solidarity and political activism. This thesis takes an aesthetic decolonial approach to the Sesotho novel, which considers the literature from within the language and culture in which it was produced, and extends its analysis to other African literary geographies. The approach provides deeper attentiveness to techniques of Sesotho and African literature which are crucial for an Africacentred analysis, and for demonstrating continuity in Sesotho literary expression

Study on how the memory of crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe is dealt with in the Member States

This study provides a factual overview of the different measures used in EU Member States in order to deal with the issue of the crimes committed by repressive regimes in Europe. The study does not intend to be an assessment of these regimes nor does i intends to be an evaluation of the measures adopted. It rather aims at exposing a factual overview of the various methods, legislations and practices adopted and used in the Member States to deal with the issue of dealing with the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes. For this aim, the study revises all relevant issues under the following headings: justice for victims; justice for perpetrators, fact finding/truth seeking, archives, symbolic policies and international instruments.Peer reviewe

Identidad de sexo y género en niñas y niños de 3 a 11 años

494 p.El estudio se propone los siguientes objetivos específicos: (1) Investigar las diferencias de edad y sexo en relación a la identidad sexual, es decir, el reconocimiento y la satisfacción con el propio sexo; (2) Detectar los conocimientos acerca de la sexualidad de niños y niñas de 3 a 11 años; y (3) Explorar la identidad de género a través de la atribución de roles y estereotipos que realizan niñas y niños de estas edades. Para el desarrollo del estudio se ha utilizado una muestra de 755 niñas y niños de entre 3 y 11 años de ambos sexos (386 niñas y 369 niños) de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra. Se trata de un estudio con un diseño descriptivo de corte transversal La identidad sexual es reconocida desde los 3 años y la satisfacción con la misma es inferior en las niñas. Existen lagunas importantes respecto a los conocimientos sobre sexualidad de acuerdo al desarrollo evolutivo, siendo las niñas la que tiene mayores conocimientos en relación a las cuestiones vinculadas a su sexo. La madre es la figura que más información aporta. Respecto a la atribución de roles y estereotipos de género asociados a la identidad se ha demostrado claramente la interiorización de roles y estereotipos asignados tradicionalmente a cada uno de los géneros en todos los ámbitos estudiados. Los resultados obtenidos en una cantidad importante de cuestiones referidas principalmente a los roles y estereotipos de género confirman las actitudes sexista

Identidad de sexo y género en niñas y niños de 3 a 11 años

494 p.El estudio se propone los siguientes objetivos específicos: (1) Investigar las diferencias de edad y sexo en relación a la identidad sexual, es decir, el reconocimiento y la satisfacción con el propio sexo; (2) Detectar los conocimientos acerca de la sexualidad de niños y niñas de 3 a 11 años; y (3) Explorar la identidad de género a través de la atribución de roles y estereotipos que realizan niñas y niños de estas edades. Para el desarrollo del estudio se ha utilizado una muestra de 755 niñas y niños de entre 3 y 11 años de ambos sexos (386 niñas y 369 niños) de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra. Se trata de un estudio con un diseño descriptivo de corte transversal La identidad sexual es reconocida desde los 3 años y la satisfacción con la misma es inferior en las niñas. Existen lagunas importantes respecto a los conocimientos sobre sexualidad de acuerdo al desarrollo evolutivo, siendo las niñas la que tiene mayores conocimientos en relación a las cuestiones vinculadas a su sexo. La madre es la figura que más información aporta. Respecto a la atribución de roles y estereotipos de género asociados a la identidad se ha demostrado claramente la interiorización de roles y estereotipos asignados tradicionalmente a cada uno de los géneros en todos los ámbitos estudiados. Los resultados obtenidos en una cantidad importante de cuestiones referidas principalmente a los roles y estereotipos de género confirman las actitudes sexista