Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid

Recently, the synthesis and application of metal and ceramic nanoparticle are significant subject in science and engineering. The metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have more application in material science, nanomedicine, electronic, photonic, and art. One of the green methods for preparation of metal nanoparticles is laser ablation technique that offers a unique tool for nanofabrication of nanoparticles. In this technique, the high-power laser ablates the metal plate and the nanoparticles are formed in the liquid. The properties of nanoparticles using laser ablation are unique, and they are not reproducible by any other method such as chemical methods. The important parameters to produce the metal nanoparticles are energy, wavelength, repetition rate of laser, ablation time, and absorption of an aqueous solution. Laser ablation is a simple method for fabricating the metal nanoparticles without surfactant or chemical addition. In this chapter, the mechanism of formation of metal nanoparticles in liquid, significant parameters for using the laser ablation technique to prepare the metal nanoparticles, and the preparation of silver, gold and copper nanoparticles will be reviewed

On the stability of mediaeval inorganic pigments : a literature review of the effect of climate, material selection, biological activity, analysis and conservation treatments

This review is to be considered part of the development of the MEMORI dosimeter, to evaluate the impact of climate (relative humidity, temperature, illumination, etc., including volatile organic compounds) on moveable objects. In the framework of the MEMORI project, Ghent University was given the task to assess pigment degradation upon acetic acid exposure, and to collect information on pigments' stability. Moreover, to obtain a wider knowledge on the stability of common pigments, the effect of a variety of parameters was reviewed from literature. Discolouration and degradation of pigments significantly alter the legibility of polychrome works of art, so that the development of monitoring methods to ensure the preservation of cultural heritage objects is of primary importance

El patrimonio cultural en los programas marco de investigación de la Unión Europea: análisis y tendencias

Esta investigación analiza los proyectos europeos de investigación financiados a través de los programas marco de la Unión Europea, que tienen por temática principal el patrimonio cultural. Pretende por lo tanto entender qué tipo de proyectos se han financiado dentro de la disciplina y cuál ha sido su evolución temática a lo largo del tiempo y para ello, emplea técnicas de análisis de datos y procesamiento de lenguaje natural (NLP) para extraer información de las principales fuentes de información, y procesarla con el fin de aportar luz a la pregunta de investigación: ¿qué temáticas, dentro del ámbito del patrimonio cultural, abordan los proyectos europeos de investigación? Partiendo de el contexto político y legal en el que se financian estos proyectos, el trabajo desarrolla una metodología para identificar, procesar y analizar los datos asociados a los proyectos europeos de investigación sobre patrimonio cultural, metodología que sirve posteriormente para analizar y describir las características y tendencias del conjunto de proyectos. Finaliza la investigación, identificando y describiendo brevemente las políticas actuales que puedan tener una influencia sobre la definición de las temáticas de los proyectos del ámbito del patrimonio cultural en el futuro próximo.This research analyses European research projects funded through the European Union's Framework Programmes, whose main thematic area is cultural heritage. It therefore aims to understand what kind of projects have been funded within the discipline and what their thematic evolution has been over time, using data analysis and natural language processing (NLP) techniques to extract information from the main sources of information and process it in order to shed light on the research question: what themes, within the field of cultural heritage, do European research projects address? Starting from the political and legal context in which these projects are funded, we will develop a methodology to identify, process and analyse the data associated with European cultural heritage research projects, a methodology that will help us to analyse and describe the characteristics and trends of the projects as a whole. We will conclude the research by briefly referencing current policies that may influence the definition of project's topics in the field of cultural heritage in the near future.Universidad de Sevilla. Máster de Arquitectura y Patrimonio Históric

Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Resources Threatened by Climate Change

With its wide spectrum of data, case studies, monitoring, and experimental and numerical simulation techniques, the multidisciplinary approach of material, environmental, and computer science applied to the conservation of cultural heritage offers several opportunities for the heritage science and conservation community to map and monitor state-of-the-art knowledge on natural and human-induced climate change impacts on cultural heritage—mainly constituted by the built environment—in Europe and Latin America. Geosciences’ Special Issue titled “Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Resources Threatened by Climate Change” was launched to take stock of the existing but still fragmentary knowledge on this challenge, and to enable the community to respond to the implementation of the Paris agreement. These 10 papers exploit a broad range of data derived from preventive conservation monitoring conducted indoors in museums, churches, historical buildings, or outdoors in archeological sites and city centers. Case studies presented in the papers focus on a well-assorted sample of decay phenomena occurring on heritage materials (e.g., surface recession and biomass accumulation on limestone, depositions of pollutant on marble, salt weathering on inorganic building materials, and weathering processes on mortars in many local- to regional-scale study areas in the Scandinavian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, and Panama). Besides monitoring, the methodological approaches showcased include, but are not limited to, original material characterization, decay product characterization, and climate and numerical modelling on material components for assessing environmental impact and climate change effects

Salvation Army : the next generation

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2010.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-96).The Salvation Army thrift stores are retail entities in the center of neighborhoods which collect and resell used objects. Although historically dear to many, it seems that the physical condition, market visibility, and social perception of these stores do not always match the importance of the service they provide. The potential of that recycling network, already in place internationally, seems enormous in a context of economic crisis and rising environmental concerns. I would like to create a new Salvation Army thrift store for the years to come, and propose to redesign the closest one at hand as a case study. Among my ideas for this undertaking: - make the thrift store a pleasant and rich experiential space - add to the function of salvaging, the functions of cleaning and repairing - turn what used to be a store into a store ++, with small crafts attached (tailors, shoe repair, laundromats and dry cleaners, wood and metal workers) which would provide next door services and be a tool for social reinsertion (professional training for the unemployed) - open the market segment to all social categories - have the buildings themselves be an example of a new type of reuse/recycling.by Salomé Francpourmoi.M.Arch