Diffusion of microfinance in development: the role of U.S. philanthropic foundations

This repository item contains a single issue of Issues in Brief, a series of policy briefs that began publishing in 2008 by the Boston University Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future.Microfinance programs that provide small loans to poor people engaging in income-generating activities is a common means of supporting international development and poverty alleviation efforts. In this Issues in Brief, Emily Bryant, a Boston University doctoral candidate in Sociology and 2015 Pardee Center Graduate Summer Fellow, explores the role that U.S. philanthropic foundations played in helping to create the organizational infrastructure that allowed for the diffusion of such programs. Her first-of-its-kind analysis looks at the amount and type of support that various sizes and kinds of U.S. foundations devoted to microfinance over time, and finds that the early support of older, wealthier foundations paved the way for microfinance to become a new type of poverty alleviation program starting in the late 1970s. “Understanding what characterizes foundations and their support sheds light on the diffusion of international development strategies and points to how NGO workers and development practitioners might harness foundations’ capacity for institutional entrepreneurship,” Bryant writes. Emily Bryant is a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at Boston University, where she was 2015 Pardee Center Graduate Summer Fellow. Her work has focused on international criminal tribunals as well as U.S. philanthropic support for international microfinance. Her dissertation examines the decision-making practices of American foundations engaged in international grantmaking

Advances in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Health Interventions

The growing application of cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis and controversies about its methods has led to a need to explore its welfare economic foundations. Examination of its welfare theoretic foundations can provide a rationale for selecting specific standards for the application of CE analysis while deepening our understanding of the implications of alternative methodological approaches. In this paper, I explore conditions under which decision making based on CE analysis, carried out a specific way, leads to a distribution of resources that has desirable social welfare properties. The first section describes the basics of CE analysis and how it can be applied to aid decisions about the allocation of health resources. The paper then turns to the potential welfare economic foundations of CE analysis, and addresses specific issues in carrying out CE analysis, such as which costs to include, whose perspective matters in the analysis, and how health outcomes are measured. It demonstrates how a welfare economic foundation can help resolve ambiguities and uncertainties about the application of CE analysis. The paper also discusses the limitations of such an approach, which indeed reflect limitations of CE analysis as an analytic framework. Finally, it addresses unresolved issues such as the difficulties in using the results of CE analysis to make health policy at the societal or group level.

Grantmaking Decision-Making of a Philanthropic Foundation Funding Community Colleges and Community College-Focused Intermediary Organizations: A Case Study

The purpose of this qualitative, single-instrument case study was to discover and understand how philanthropic foundations decide to fund community colleges by exploring the perceptions of the decision-making processes of the leadership team. The theoretical framework that guided this study was Cohen et al.’s garbage can model of organizational choice. Semi-structured interviews were used to engage with persons identified as members of the leadership team, decision-makers, and board of directors for the philanthropic foundation. The interviewed study participants were asked open-ended questions related to the central research question, ‘What are the decision-making processes of philanthropic foundations when deciding to fund community colleges and community college-focused intermediary organizations?’ There were also examinations of documents and nonparticipant observational data collected relative to the research questions. The data was coded, analyzed, and interpreted to identify themes. Three themes emerged through data analysis: mission and priority alignment, strategic direction and focus (priorities, vision, mission, goals), and collaboration and flexibility. Understanding the decision-making of philanthropic foundations supporting community colleges provided new insights into effective practices for community colleges and revelations for the greater philanthropic field relative to decision-making processes. The results included that philanthropic foundation decision-makers use various methods to identify priorities and pursue impact, but the need for increased collaboration, storytelling, and adaptivity was identified to support the decision-making process and strategies. Keywords: philanthropic foundations, decision-making, garbage can model, grantmaking, community colleges, intermediary organizations

Beyond the Rhetoric: Foundation Strategy

How do foundations maximize their impact? What is the role of strategy? Is your foundation strategic? Are you? This groundbreaking research examines the current state of decision making at large, private, U.S. foundations. Through in-depth interviews with CEOs and program officers, the study examines foundation leaders' view and use of strategy in making decisions. Analysis of their responses reveals four categories of decision makers ranging from nonstrategic to strategic. Beyond the Rhetoric sets the stage for future CEP research on the role of strategy in creating foundation impact, and highlights practical implications for CEOs, trustees, and program staff

Global distribution of two fungal pathogens threatening endangered sea turtles

This work was supported by grants of Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (CGL2009-10032, CGL2012-32934). J.M.S.R was supported by PhD fellowship of the CSIC (JAEPre 0901804). The Natural Environment Research Council and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council supported P.V.W. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Thanks Machalilla National Park in Ecuador, Pacuare Nature Reserve in Costa Rica, Foundations Natura 2000 in Cape Verde and Equilibrio Azul in Ecuador, Dr. Jesus Muñoz, Dr. Ian Bell, Dr. Juan Patiño for help and technical support during samplingPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Tourism and sustainable economic development

The interest in sustainable tourism reflects the growing recognition that the industry, tourists and natural resources are inter-linked and that these elements depend each other for successful long term sustainability at appropriate decision-making levels. While much research has been done on how to progress towards more sustainable kind of tourism, much needs to be undertaken to foster the practical application of the concept. This paper is part of this ongoing effort. Having expressed the exigency to build the debate on sustainable tourism on sound economic foundations, and having outlined the capacity of economists to provide such theoretical foundations by stretching the orthodox economic theory to incorporate sustainable issues, the paper shows the evolution of European policy for sustainable tourism together with an analysis of strategies and instruments which appear to be necessary if we are to reconcile tourism development with the protection and conservation of the environment.

An Analysis of the Demarcation Problem in Philosophy of Science and Its Application to Homeopathy

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of homeopathy from the perspective of the demarcation problem in the philosophy of science. In this context, Popper, Kuhn and Feyerabend’s solution to the problem will be given respectively and their criteria will be applied to homeopathy, aiming to shed some light on the controversy over its scientific status. It then examines homeopathy under the lens of demarcation criteria to conclude that homeopathy is regarded as science by Feyerabend and is considered as pseudoscience by Popper and Kuhn. By offering adequate tools for the analysis of the foundations, structure and implications of homeopathy, demarcation issue can help to clarify this medical controversy. The main argument of this article is that a final decision on homeopathy, whose scientific status changes depending on the criteria of the philosophers mentioned, cannot be given

Safety first portfolio choice based on financial and sustainability returns

This paper lays the mathematical foundations of the notion of an investment's sustainability return and investigates three different models of portfolio selection with probabilistic constraints for safety first investors caring about the financial and the sustainability consequences of their investments. The discussion of these chance-constrained programming problems for stochastic and deterministic sustainability returns includes theoretical results especially on the existence of a unique solution under certain conditions, an illustrating example, and a computational time analysis. Furthermore, we conclude that a simple convex combination of financial and sustainability returns - yielding a new univariate decision variable - is not sufficiently general.Finance; Socially Responsible Investing; Sustainability Value; Safety First Investor