Communication Policy: the Efforts to Strengthen Civil Society

In the last decades there were a tendency to make public institution more open and greater public participation in decision making. It is believed that transparency is the only way to strengthen public institutions which it is highly possible because of the progress in Information and Communication Technology. Nowadays Indonesia is entering the Era of Opennes. The idea of civil society and establisihng social welfare which is the first priority require partnership between the government and public. The whole stakeholder should cooperate to improve accessibility on ICT and should develope information and communication infra structure, and should improve application of ICT in every aspect of public services

Internet-based 'social sharing' as a new form of global production: The case of SETI@home

Benkler ('Sharing Nicely', Yale Law Journal, 2004, Vol. 114, pp. 273-358) has argued that 'social sharing' via Internet-based distributed computing is a new, so far under-appreciated modality of economic production. This paper presents results from an empirical study of SETI@home (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), which is the classic example of such a computing project. The aim is to explain SETI@home participation and its intensity in a cross-country setting. The data are for a sample of 172 developed and developing countries for the years 2002-2004. The results indicate that SETI@home participation and its intensity can be explained largely by the degree of ICT access (proxied by the International Telecommunication Union's 'Digital Access Index'), as well as GDP per capita and dummy variables for major country groups. Some other variables, such as the Human Development Index, perform less well. Although SETI@home is a global phenomenon, it is never-the-less mostly concentrated in rich countries. However, there are indications of a slowly narrowing global SETI@home digital divide

Information and communication Technology and Poverty: An Asian Perspective

The emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), in particular the Internet, has generated new enthusiasms about the development prospects for poor economies. Many now think that new technologies can provide a faster route to better livelihoods and improved quality of life than the one afforded by the standard process of industrialization. The opposing view holds that the focus on ICTs will detract attention from the more fundamental task of addressing the basic problems of economic developmentICT; poverty; growth

ICT and the Environment in Developing Countries: an Overview of Opportunities and Developments

Both developed and developing countries face many environmental challenges, including climate change, improving energy efficiency and waste management, addressing air pollution, water quality and scarcity, and loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. Drawing on the existing literature, this paper presents an overview of how the Internet and the ICT and related research communities can help tackle environmental challenges in developing countries. The review focuses on the role of ICTs in climate change mitigation, mitigating other environmental pressures, and climate change adaptation.information and communication technology (ICT), environment, climate change, mitigation, adaptation.

Information and Communication Technologies and Migration

Surveying existing literature, this paper starts by identifying links between attainments in human development and the presence of ICTs. The research then looks at instances where ICTs affect the opportunity for migration and how they affect its outcomes. We will see how migrants are making use of ICTs and the importance that these technologies have come to occupy in their life. Attempting to illustrate both positive and negative implications of the roles of ICTs in human mobility, this paper surveys research that demonstrates how ICTs are used in both regular and irregular migration, in maintaining family relations, in sustaining cultural identities, and in supporting a family from abroad. We will see that ICTs have not replaced older forms of communication but that they have greatly increased the range of available options for communications. Throughout the text, this paper also includes the roles of governments and civil society in working to increase access and use of ICTs while also making mention of instances where they actively pursue the opposite. As we will see, the skills necessary for use of ICTs and the infrastructure necessary for their access can be found in all countries of the world, albeit in unequal distribution.information and communication technologies, diaspora, migration

Critical Factors for New Product Developments in SMEs' Virtual Team

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered as an engine for economic growth all over the world and especially for developing countries. During the past decade, new product development (NPD) has increasingly been recognized as a critical factor in ensuring the continued survival of SMEs. On the other hand, the rapid rate of market and technological changes has accelerated in the past decade, so this turbulent environment requires new methods and techniques to bring successful new products to the marketplace. Virtual team can be a solution to answer the requested demand. However, literature have shown no significant differences between traditional NPD and virtual NPD in general, whereas NPD in SME’s virtual team has not been systematically investigated in developing countries. This paper aims to bridge this gap by first reviewing the NPD and its relationship with virtuality and then identifies the critical factors of NPD in virtual teams. The statistical method was utilized to perform the required analysis of data from the survey. The results were achieved through factor analysis at the perspective of NPD in some Malaysian and Iranian manufacturing firms (N = 191). The 20 new product development factors were grouped into five higher level constructs. It gives valuable insight and guidelines, which hopefully will help managers of firms in developing countries to consider the main factors in NPD

De la web 1.0 a la web 4.0: mapeo de las plataformas de patrimonio digital para las propiedades del patrimonio de la UNESCO en Indonesia

[EN] The advent of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has had and is having a major impact on Indonesian cultural resource management, and on the safeguarding methods of its tangible and intangible cultural heritages. Despite varied levels and visible gaps between rural and urban regions in terms of technology usage, innovative initiatives have been created, which correspond to the needs and expectations of a technology-savvy public. As a starting point, a number of public institutions dealing with tangible cultural heritage (e.g. museums, palaces, temples, World Heritage Sites (WHS)) do use innovative digital tools in order to communicate to various audiences, as well as to enrich visitors’ experience, especially taking into consideration young generations. This paper will firstly examine the role of ICTs in intangible cultural heritage (ICH) (e.g. Batik, Wayang puppet theatre, etc.); secondly, the authors will explain how ICTs can help to communicate and promote the values, history, and significances of ICH products, both for locals and tourists, with the goal of raising awareness on cultural identity. However, the knowledge of ICH still requires contacts with its own communities and is vulnerable, as it can be exposed to excessive cultural commoditization through e-platforms. This study aims at giving an overview and some examples of digital interventions for cultural heritage communication implemented by various stakeholders in Indonesia. In addition, this paper analyses to what extent a participatory approach engaging local communities, academics, private sectors, NGOs and the government, can ensure higher levels of effectiveness and efficiency, hence supporting the conservation of UNESCO tangible/ICH in Indonesia. This paper aims at: (1) presenting the development of digital heritage platforms in Indonesia; (2) providing a grid of analysis of digital heritage knowledge platforms dedicated to UNESCO tangible and ICH in forms of websites and mobile apps.[ES] La aparición de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) ha tenido y está teniendo un gran impacto en la gestión de los recursos culturales indonesios y en los métodos de salvaguarda de sus patrimonios culturales materiales e inmateriales. A pesar de los distintos niveles y las brechas existentes entre las regiones rurales y urbanas en términos de uso de la tecnología, se han creado iniciativas innovadoras que corresponden a las necesidades y expectativas de un público experto en tecnología. Como punto de partida, algunas instituciones públicas que se ocupan del patrimonio cultural material (por ejemplo, museos, palacios, templos, sitios patrimonio de la humanidad (WHS)) implementan herramientas digitales innovadoras para comunicarse con diverso público y enriquecer la experiencia de los visitantes, especialmente teniendo en cuenta a las generaciones jóvenes. Este artículo examinará primeramente el papel de las TIC en el patrimonio cultural inmaterial (PCI) (por ejemplo, Batik, teatro de marionetas de Wayang, etc.); en segundo lugar, los autores explicarán cómo las TIC pueden ayudar a comunicar y promover los valores, la historia y el significado de los productos del PCI tanto al público local, como a los turistas, con el objetivo de crear conciencia sobre la identidad cultural. Sin embargo, el conocimiento del PCI todavía requiere contactos con sus propias comunidades y es vulnerable, ya que está expuesto a la excesiva mercantilización cultural a través de plataformas electrónicas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo proporcionar una visión general y algunos ejemplos de intervenciones digitales en la comunicación del patrimonio cultural adoptadas por diversos organismos interesados en Indonesia. Además, este documento explica en qué medida un enfoque participativo, que involucra a las comunidades locales, académicas, sectores privados, ONG y al gobierno, puede garantizar niveles más altos de efectividad y eficiencia, y, por tanto, apoyar la conservación del patrimonio cultural  material/inmaterial de la UNESCO en Indonesia. Este documento tiene como objetivos: (1) presentar el desarrollo de plataformas de patrimonio digital en Indonesia; (2) proporcionar una matriz de análisis de plataformas de conocimiento del patrimonio digital dedicadas al patrimonio cultural material e inmaterial de la UNESCO en sitios web y aplicaciones móviles.Indonesian LPDP (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan) Endowment Funds Scholarships, Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia; UNESCO Chair in ICT to develop and promote sustainable tourism in World Heritage Sites USI - Università della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland.Permatasari, PA.; Qohar, AA.; Rachman, AF. (2020). From web 1.0 to web 4.0: the digital heritage platforms for UNESCO’s heritage properties in Indonesia. Virtual Archaeology Review. 11(23):75-93. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.13121OJS75931123Adukaite, A., & Cantoni, L. (2016). Raising awareness and promoting informal learning on World Heritage in Southern Africa: The case of WHACY, a gamified ICT-enhanced tool. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 12(2), 50-67. Retrieved May 24, 2020 from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1111509Aghaei, S., Nematbakhsh, M. A., & Farsani, H. K. (2012). Evolution of the world wide web : from web 1.0 to web 4.0. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwest.2012.3101Albert, M. T. (2012). Perspectives of world heritage: towards future-oriented strategies with the five 'Cs.' In M. T. Albert, M. Richon, M. J. Viñals, & A. Witcomb (Eds.), Community development through World Heritage (pp. 16-26). Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https://whc.unesco.org/en/series/31/Aljunied, S. M. K. (2004). Shades of Alterity: A study of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles' discourse on religions amongst the Malays (Doctoral dissertation). National University of Singapore, Singapore. Retrieve May 18, 2020 from https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/13867Almeida, F. L. (2017). Concept and dimensions of web 4.0. International Journal of Computers & Technology, 16(7), 7040-7046. https://doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v16i7.6446Arya, I. T. (2016). Berlatih tari Cendrawasih [Learning Cendrawasih dance] [Mobile App Software]. Retrieved May 31, 2020 from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=id.ardev.taribali&hl=enAtzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The internet of things: a survey. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2787-2805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010Avi, E. (2014). Gerakan sejuta data budaya dilaunching dari Bandung. [One million cultural database launched in Bandung]. Retrieved May 23, 2020 from https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-2602920/gerakan-sejuta-daya-budaya-dilaunching-dari-bandungBasole, R. C., & Karla, J. (2012). Value transformation in the mobile service ecosystem: a study of app store emergence and growth. Service Science, 4(1), 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1287/serv.1120.0004Berners-Lee, T. (2000). Weaving the Web. The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its Inventor. New York: Harper Collins.Blanco, S., Carrión, B., & Lerma, J. L. (2016). Review of augmented reality and virtual reality techniques in Rock Art. In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation (pp. 176-183). https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3561Boily, L. (2004). Économie du savoir, identités plurielles et nouvelles formes d'exclusion. [Knowledge economy, plural identity and new forms of exclusion]. L'Interculturel et l'Économie à l'Œuvre (pp. 128-153). Paris: Les édition David.Boonstra, S. N. (2014). Changing wayang scenes Heritage formation and wayang performance practice in colonial and postcolonial Indonesia (Doctoral Dissertation). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands. Retrieved from https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/changing-wayang-scenes-heritage-formation-and-wayang-performance-Cantoni, L., Faré, M., Bolchini, D., & Giulieri, F. (2007). European cities and web tourism communication. An indicators-based pilot study. Proceedings of the Travel Distribution Summit, Europe, Research Conference (pp. 45-54). London: Axon Imprint.Cantoni, L., & Tardini, S. (2006). Internet. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203698884Cantoni, L., & Tardini, S. (2008). Communicating in the information society: new tools for new practices. In Pier Cesare Rivoltella (Ed.), Digital Literacy. Tools and Methodologies for Information Society (pp. 26-44). New York: IGI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-798-0.ch002Cantoni, L. (2018). Heritage and sustainable tourism. The role and challenge of information and communication technologies. In Silvia De Ascaniis, M. Gravari-Barbas, & L. Cantoni (Eds.), Tourism Management at UNESCO World Heritage Sites, (pp. 68-74). Retrieved from https://www.fun-mooc.fr/courses/course-v1:Paris1+16008+session01/aboutCharter, V. (1964). International charter for the conservation and restoration. The IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice, 1964. Retrieved May 23, 2020 from https://www.icomos.org/en/participer/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/157-the-venice-charterChi, M. T. H. (1997). Quantifying qualitative analyses of verbal data: a practical guide. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6(3), 271-315. Retrieved July 13, 2020 from http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~mjguz/csl/home.cc.gatech.edu/allison/uploads/4/chi1997.pdf https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0603_1Dabello, M. (2016). The past in the present. In P. S. Richards, W. A. Wiegand, & M. Dalbello (Eds.), A history of modern librarianship : constructing the heritage of western cultures (Vol. 69, p. 6). California: Libraries Unlimited/ABC-CLIO.Davida, S., & Cantoni, L. (2015). Co-design of eTourism application. The case of Ilha de Mozambique. Enter eTourism Conference 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1785.6488Danesi, M. (2013). Encyclopedia of media and communication. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442695528De Ascaniis, S., Della Monica, C., & Cantoni, L. (2017). A social media campaign to raise awareness about violent heritage destruction. The case of #faces4heritage. HTHIC2017 - Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, Pori (Finland). 27-29 September 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2020 from http://www.unescochair.usi.ch/faces4heritage/destroyed-heritageDe Ascaniis, S., & Cantoni, L. (2013). Artistic and religious experiences in online travel reviews about saint paul outside the walls (Rome). Proceedings of ICOT 2013, International Conference on Tourism, 160-173. Limassol, Cyprus: Konstantinos Andriotis. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275209839Demartini, C., & Benussi, L. (2017). Do web 4.0 and industry 4.0 imply education X.0? IT Professional, 19(3), 4-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2017.47Diarta, I. K. S. (2017). Promotion strategy of Borobudur world cultural heritage site for international tourists. Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 190. https://doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2017.v01.i02.p12Elbanna, A. R. (2009). Actor-network theory in ICT research. International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation, 1(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4018/jantti.2009070101Fahmi, I. (2002). The Indonesian digital library network is born to struggle with the digital divide. International Information and Library Review, 34(2), 153-174. https://doi.org/10.1006/iilr.2002.0191Fitri, I., Ahmad, Y., & Ahmad, F. (2015). Conservation of tangible cultural heritage in Indonesia: a review current national criteria for assessing heritage value. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 184, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.05.055Garbelli, M. (2015). World heritage sites, tourism, and ICT. Presentation material presented in UNESCO Summer School in ICT for Gastronomic tourism 2015, Milan, Italy.Garbelli, M., Adukaite, A., & Cantoni, L. (2017). Value perception of world heritage sites and tourism sustainability matters through content analysis of online communications. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 8(3), 417-431. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2016-0046Gunarto, H. (2007). Digital preservation of Borobudur world heritage. Journal of Ritsumeikan Studies in Language and Culture, 19(2), 263-278. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Digital-preservation-of-Borobudur-world-heritage-Gunarto/7ae35860a6f96a44f9e08392fc48aa4d48e7adec#paper-headerIndo3one3. (2019). Borobudur explorer. Retrieved May 28, 2020 from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ciihuy.borobudurexplorer&hl=enIndonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. (1992). Undang - undang no. 5 tahun 1992 tentang benda cagar cudaya [Law number 5, 1992 on cultural heritage]. Retrieved May 28, 2020 from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/46597/uu-no-5-tahun-1992Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. (2010). Undang - undang no. 11 tahun 2010 tentang cagar budaya [Law number 11, 2010 on cultural heritage]. Retrieved May 28, 2020 from http://www.bpkp.go.id/uu/filedownload/2/2/77.bpkpIndonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. (2017). Undang - undang no. 5 tahun 2017 tentang pemajuan budaya [Law number 5, 2017 on cultural cdvancement]. Retrieved May 28, 2020 from http://pemajuankebudayaan.id/undang-undang/Indonesian Ministry of State Owned Enterprises. (2019). Rumah Kreatif BUMN [The launching program of creative house for SMEs by Ministry of State Owned Enterprises]. Retrieved May 28, 2020 from http://www.bumn.go.id/berita/0-RUMAH-KREATIF-BUMN.Islam, R., Islam, R., & Mazumder, T. (2010). Mobile application and its global impact. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 10(6), 72-78. Retrieved May 22, 2020 from http://ijens.org/107506-0909%20IJET-IJENS.pdfJonathan, C. J., & Tarigan, R. (2016). The effects of e-tourism to the development of tourism sector in Indonesia. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal, 10(2), 59. https://doi.org/10.21512/commit.v10i2.1669Katwinto, E. (2013). National Museum of Indonesia. Retrieved from Virtual Collection on Asian Masterpieces (VCM). website: http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/museum/detail.nhn?museumId=1067Kéfi, H., & Pallud, J. (2011). Digital heritage the role of technologies in cultural mediation in museums: An actor-network theory view applied in France. Museum Management and Curatorship, 26(3), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2011.585803Kepios. (2019). Everything you need to know about mobile, internet, social media, and e-commerce use in Indonesia in 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020 from https://datareportal.com/digital-in-indonesiaKrumm, J., Davies, N., & Narayanaswami, C. (2008). User-generated content. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 7(6), 10-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.85Kuswarno, E. (2015). Potret wajah masyarakat digital Indonesia. [The portrait of Indonesian digital society]. Jurnal Communicate, 1(1), 47-54. Retrieved from http://ejournal.jayabaya.ac.id/index.php/Jurnal_Communicate/article/view/36Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H. G., Feld, T., & Hoffmann, M. (2014). Industry 4.0. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 6(4), 239-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-0334-4Lechner, U., & Schmid, B. F. (2000). Communities and media-towards a reconstruction of communities on media. 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Critical factors for new product developments in SMEs virtual team

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered as an engine for economic growth all over the world and especially for developing countries. During the past decade, new product development (NPD) has increasingly been recognized as a critical factor in ensuring the continued survival of SMEs. On the other hand, the rapid rate of market and technological changes has accelerated in the past decade, so this turbulent environment requires new methods and techniques to bring successful new products to the marketplace. Virtual team can be a solution to answer the requested demand. However, literature have shown no significant differences between traditional NPD and virtual NPD in general, whereas NPD in SME’s virtual team has not been systematically investigated in developing countries. This paper aims to bridge this gap by first reviewing the NPD and its relationship with virtuality and then identifies the critical factors of NPD in virtual teams. The statistical method was utilized to perform the required analysis of data from the survey. The results were achieved through factor analysis at the perspective of NPD in some Malaysian and Iranian manufacturing firms (N = 191). The 20 new product development factors were grouped into five higher level constructs. It gives valuable insight and guidelines, which hopefully will help managers of firms in developing countries to consider the main factors in NPD.Survey findings, new product development, factor analysis, virtual team

The global information technology report 2014

Executive summary When The Global Information Technology Report (GITR) and the Networked Readiness Index (NRI) were created more than 13 years ago, the attention of decision makers was focused on how to develop strategies that would allow them to benefit from what Time Magazine had described as “the new economy”: a new way of organizing and managing economic activity based on the new opportunities that the Internet provided for businesses. At present, the world is slowly emerging from one of the worst financial and economic crises in decades, and policymakers, business leaders, and civil society are looking into new opportunities that can consolidate growth, generate new employment, and create business opportunities. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) continue to rank high on the list as one of the key sources of new opportunities to foster innovation and boost economic and social prosperity, for both advanced and emerging economies. For more than 13 years, the NRI has provided decision makers with a useful conceptual framework to evaluate the impact of ICTs at a global level and to benchmark the ICT readiness and usage of their economies