A quantitative study of translation difficulty based on an analysis of text features in japanese-to-english short-passage translation tests

Aquest estudi ha investigat si una característica pròpia dels fragments de lectura de nivell 3 ILR (Interagency Languae Roundtable) – seguir un argument que requereix cert grau d'inferència – era una dificultat de traducció i si es podia identificar i qualificar objectivament. La inferència es representava per cohesió textual aconseguida mitjançant temps verbal i resolució de cadenes de caracterització en el text final. Com el temps verbal s'usa de manera diferent en japonès i anglès, per aconseguir la cohesió en el text en anglès, el traductor havia de prendre decisions sobre el temps verbal que suposadament reflectirien si era capaç de seguir l'argument inferit en el text de partida. Se suposava també que la correcta reproducció de la caracterització dels modificadors separats del seu substantiu principal requerien inferència i eren per tant una possible dificultat de traducció. El temps verbal i la caracterització, que poden ser valorats objectivament com a acceptables o inacceptables, es van organitzar en seccions que poden ser qualificades dicotòmicament i aquestes qualificacions es van usar per calcular els índexs de facilitat que representen el grau de dificultat d'una població concreta. Els resultats suggereixen que la necessitat de seguir un argument que requereixi inferència és una característica que marca la dificultat del text de partida i que tant el temps verbal com la caracterització són elements de dificultat en la traducció del japonès a l'anglès. Les mostres de traducció van ser preses d'exàmens per a la certificació de traducció japonès-anglès. Els resultats tenen implicacions per a la selecció de fragments en els tests de traducció i per a la identificació de punts problemàtics que haurien de tractar-se durant la formació del traductor.Este estudio ha investigado si una característica propia de los fragmentos de lectura de nivel 3 ILR (Interagency Languae Roundtable) – seguir un argumento que requiere cierto grado de inferencia – era una dificultad de traducción y si se podía identificar y calificar objetivamente. La inferencia se representaba por cohesión textual lograda mediante tiempos verbal y resolución de cadenas de caracterización en el texto meta. Puesto que el tiempo verbal se usa de manera diferente en japonés e inglés, para lograr la cohesión en el texto en inglés, el traductor debía tomar decisiones sobre el tiempo verbal que supuestamente reflejarían si era capaz de seguir el argumento inferido en el texto de partida. Se suponía también que la correcta reproducción de la caracterización de los modificadores separados de su sustantivo principal requerían inferencia y eran por tanto una posible dificultad de traducción. El tiempo verbal y la caracterización, que pueden ser valorados objetivamente como aceptables o inaceptables, se organizaron en secciones que pueden ser calificadas dicotómicamente y dichas calificaciones se usaron para calcular los índices de facilidad que representan el grado de dificultad de una población concreta. Los resultados sugieren que la necesidad de seguir un argumento que requiera inferencia es una característica que marca la dificultad del texto de partida y que tanto el tiempo verbal como la caracterización son elementos de dificultad en la traducción del japonés al inglés. Las muestras de traducción fueron tomadas de exámenes para la certificación de traducción japonés-inglés. Los resultados tienen implicaciones para la selección de fragmentos en los tests de traducción y para la identificación de puntos problemáticos que deberían tratarse durante la formación del traductor.This study examined whether a feature characteristic of Interagency Language Roundtable reading level 3 passages—following an argument that requires a degree of inference—was a translation difficulty and whether this could be identified and objectively scored. Inference was represented by text cohesion achieved through verb tense and resolution of modification strings in the target text. Because tense is used very differently in Japanese and English, in order to create a cohesive English language text a translator must make tense decisions that were assumed to reflect whether an inferred argument in the source document is being followed. Reproduction of the correct modification links for modifiers separated from the head noun they modify was also assumed to require inference and so to be a possible translation difficulty. Tense and modification, which can be objectively rated as acceptable or unacceptable, were set as items to be dichotomously scored and the scores then used to calculate facility values representing the degree of difficulty in the specified population. The results suggested that the need to follow an argument requiring inference is a feature of source text difficulty and that both tense and modified nouns are items of difficulty in Japanese-to-English translation. The translation samples were taken from a Japanese-to-English certification examination. The findings have implications for improved passage selection in translation tests and for identifying problem points that may require attention in translator training

Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation

Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT

Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics (ConCALL)

The Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics (ConCALL) was founded in 2014 at Indiana University by Dr. Öner Özçelik, the residing director of the Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region (CeLCAR). As the nation’s sole U.S. Department of Education funded Language Resource Center focusing on the languages of the Central Asian Region, CeLCAR’s main mission is to strengthen and improve the nation’s capacity for teaching and learning Central Asian languages through teacher training, research, materials development projects, and dissemination. As part of this mission, CeLCAR has an ultimate goal to unify and fortify the Central Asian language learning community by facilitating networking between linguists and language educators, encouraging research projects that will inform language instruction, and provide opportunities for professionals in the field to both showcase their work and receive feedback from their peers. Thus ConCALL was established to be the first international academic conference to bring together linguists and language educators in the languages of the Central Asian region, including both the Altaic and Eastern Indo-European languages spoken in the region, to focus on research into how these specific languages are represented formally, as well as acquired by second/foreign language learners, and also to present research driven teaching methods. Languages served by ConCALL include, but are not limited to: Azerbaijani, Dari, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Lokaabharan, Mari, Mongolian, Pamiri, Pashto, Persian, Russian, Shughnani, Tajiki, Tibetan, Tofalar, Tungusic, Turkish, Tuvan, Uyghur, Uzbek, Wakhi and more!The Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics held at Indiana University on 16-17 May 1014 was made possible through the generosity of our sponsors: Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region (CeLCAR), Ostrom Grant Programs, IU's College of Arts and Humanities Center (CAHI), Inner Asian and Uralic National Resource Center (IAUNRC), IU's School of Global and International Studies (SGIS), IU's College of Arts and Sciences, Sinor Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies (SRIFIAS), IU's Department of Central Eurasian Studies (CEUS), and IU's Department of Linguistics

Machine translation and Korean language

This bachelor thesis deals with machine translation in relation to Korean language and as a . First part is a theoretical part in which are presented main directions of machine translation in chronological order and advantages and disadvantages of these machine translation models including examples from Korean language. Second, practical part introduces modern global machine translators Naver Papago and Google Translate. These translators are given text examples in Korean from publicistic and commerce field and also from spoken language. This part also includes proper English translation for comparison with translations produced by mentioned machine translators. The purpose of these translations is to provide an insight to typical errors in translations which are analyzed from the view of theoretical part which allows us to see a connection between theory and practice. Both translators are also compared with each other and act as an example of how same machine translation models produce different translations and mistakes. Last part contains a brief summary of the current state of machine translation and its expectations for the future.Bakalářská práce se zabývá strojovým překladem v souvislosti s korejštinou. První část je teoretickou částí, kde jsou představeny hlavní směry strojového překladu v chronologickém pořadí a výhody a nevýhody těchto modelů strojového překladu včetně příkladů z korejského jazyka. Druhá, praktická část představuje moderní světové strojové překladače Naver Papago a Google Translate. Těmto překladačům jsou předloženy příklady textů v korejštině z publicistického a komerčního odvětví a také z odvětví mluvené řeči. Tato část také obsahuje správné anglické překlady pro porovnání s překlady vyprodukovanými zmiňovanými překladači. Cílem těchto překladů je poskytnout nahlédnutí na typické chyby v překladu a tyto chyby jsou analyzovány z pohledu teoretické části, což umožňuje vytvořit spojení mezi teorií a praxí. Oba překladače jsou pak také se sebou porovnány a slouží jako příklad jak stejné modely strojového překladu produkcí různé překlady a s nimi i chyby. Poslední část obsahuje krátké shrnutí současného stavu strojového překladu a jeho vyhlídky do budoucna.Katedra sinologieDepartment of SinologyFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Untangling the Web: A Guide To Internet Research

[Excerpt] Untangling the Web for 2007 is the twelfth edition of a book that started as a small handout. After more than a decade of researching, reading about, using, and trying to understand the Internet, I have come to accept that it is indeed a Sisyphean task. Sometimes I feel that all I can do is to push the rock up to the top of that virtual hill, then stand back and watch as it rolls down again. The Internet—in all its glory of information and misinformation—is for all practical purposes limitless, which of course means we can never know it all, see it all, understand it all, or even imagine all it is and will be. The more we know about the Internet, the more acute is our awareness of what we do not know. The Internet emphasizes the depth of our ignorance because our knowledge can only be finite, while our ignorance must necessarily be infinite. My hope is that Untangling the Web will add to our knowledge of the Internet and the world while recognizing that the rock will always roll back down the hill at the end of the day

2018-2019 Course Catalog

An annual catalog of courses and course descriptions offered at the University of Montana.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/coursecatalogs_asc/1113/thumbnail.jp

2019-2020 Course Catalog

An annual catalog of courses and course descriptions offered at the University of Montana.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/coursecatalogs_asc/1114/thumbnail.jp

2020-2021 Course Catalog

An annual catalog of courses and course descriptions offered at the University of Montana.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/coursecatalogs_asc/1115/thumbnail.jp

2021-2022 Course Catalog

An annual catalog of courses and course descriptions offered at the University of Montana.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/coursecatalogs_asc/1116/thumbnail.jp

2022-2023 Course Catalog

An annual catalog of courses and course descriptions offered at the University of Montana.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/coursecatalogs_asc/1117/thumbnail.jp