Clinical submission of supernumerary head of adducter brevis muscle

Adductor brevis is an important member of the adductor family occupying the medial compartment of the thigh executing the function of adduction and medial rotation. Deviations from normal anatomy are unusual and rarely reported. A survey of anatomical archives revealed occasional mention of additional bellies of adductor brevis muscle. The present study reports a double belly of adductor brevis muscle (AB) found during a cadaveric dissection class for medical students. The left sided AB displayed two bellies disposed in the same plane. This case report attempts to present the clinical applications of supernumerary bellies of this important adductor muscle of the thigh. It is feasible to categorize these muscular variations upon specialized radiological procedures such as CT and MRI scans only if the radiologist possesses satisfactory understanding of variant anatomy of this region. It is thereafter inferred that upon recognition these muscles present a fair chance of being of utilitised in reconstructions. A biomechanical overview of the present anomaly is also attempte

A comparison of hot and cold processing of pork for fresh, cured and smoked, and emulsified meat products

Cured hams and bellies, vacuum packaged fresh pork loins, and emulsion type sausages (bologna) were processed using cold (conventional) and hot processing. Fresh cut yields, cooking losses (hams, bellies, sausages), pH, water holding capacity, emulsion capacity, tenderness (loin chops), purge (loin roasts), distortion (bellies), color (fresh pork loin), juiciness and flavor (bologna) were compared to determine the effect of the two treatments on these physical and sensory properties. There were no significant differences in fresh cut yields, cooking losses, water holding capacity, emulsion capacity, tenderness, purge, color, fresh and cured belly areas, or bologna juiciness and flavor. But, hot processed carcasses had lower belly and sausage cooking losses, shear values, and purge, and higher water holding capacity, and emulsion capacity than the cold processed carcasses. Hot processed carcasses had significantly higher pH (P\u3c0.05), wider fresh and cured bellies (P\u3c0.01) than cold processed carcasses. Fresh and cured cold processed bellies were longer (P\u3c0.01) than the hot processed carcasses

Bilateral variations of the head of the digastric muscle in Korean: a case report

The digastric muscle, as the landmark in head and neck surgery, has two bellies, of which various variations have been reported. In the submental region of a 72-year-old Korean male cadaver, bilateral variations were found in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Two accessory bellies, medial to the two normal anterior bellies of the digastric muscle, ran posterior and medially, merging and attaching at the mylohyoid raphe of the mylohyoid muscle. The 3rd accessory belly originated from the right intermediate tendon and ran horizontally, merging the right lower bundle of the right accessory belly and inserted together. These accessory bellies had no connection with the left anterior belly. This unique variation has not been reported in the literature previously, and this presentation will guide clinicians during surgical interventions and radiological diagnoses

Biceps femoris and semitendinosus: teammates or competitors? : new insights into hamstring injury mechanisms in male football players : a muscle functional MRI study

Background: The hamstring injury mechanism was assessed by investigating the exercise-related metabolic activity characteristics of the hamstring muscles using a muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) protocol. Methods: 27 healthy male football players and 27 football players with a history of hamstring injuries (recovered and playing fully) underwent standardised mfMR Imaging. The mfMRI protocol consisted of a resting scan, a strenuous bilateral eccentric hamstring exercise and a postexercise scan. The exercise-related T2 increase or the signal intensity shift between both scans was used to detect differences in metabolic activation characteristics (1) between the different hamstring muscle bellies and (2) between the injury group and the control group. Results: A more symmetrical muscle recruitment pattern corresponding to a less economic hamstring muscle activation was demonstrated in the formerly injured group (p<0.05). The injured group also demonstrated a significantly lower strength endurance capacity during the eccentric hamstring exercise. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the vulnerability of the hamstring muscles to football-related injury is related to the complexity and close coherence in the synergistic muscle recruitment of the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus. Discrete differences in neuromuscular coordination and activity distribution, with the biceps femoris partly having to compensate for the lack of endurance capacity of the semitendinosus, probably increase the hamstring injury risk

Commodity futures price behaviour following large one-day price changes

This study examines individual commodity futures price reactions to large one-day price changes, or “shocks”. The mean-adjusted abnormal return model suggests that investors in 6 of the 18 commodity futures examined in this study either underreact or overreact to positive surprises. It also detects underreaction patterns in 8 commodity future prices following negative surprises. However, after making appropriate systematic risk and conditional heteroskedasticity adjustments, we show that almost all commodity futures react efficiently to shocks

Validation of lethality processes for products with slow come up time: Bacon and bone-in ham

Pork bellies and boneless hams were smoked or cooked using unusually long processes to determine the impact of extended come-up times on the populations of Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The products were formulated using brine formulations representative of what might be used in commercial production, and the thermal processes were more than doubled in length. Pork bellies and boneless hams were inoculated on the surface as well as 1 cm below the surface, and samples were collected every 3 h. The populations of C. perfringens (spores and vegetative cells) at internal locations of pork bellies increased by less than 1 log10 and declined significantly (approximately 3 log10/cm2) on the surface of the bellies during an extended bacon process. The populations of S. enterica, L. monocytogenes and S. aureusdid not increase during the extended bacon process. The populations of C. perfringens (spores and vegetative cells), S. aureus, S. enterica and L. monocytogenesdeclined significantly over an extended ham process. There were significant population reductions (\u3e2 log10/cm2) at 7 h (surface) and 12 h (\u3e5 log10/g; internal) for the hams. Populations of both surface and internal locations of the hams declined to a point approaching the limit of detection of the assays within 17 h

Glass Bellies and Artificial Wombs: Gender, Science, and Reproduction in Early Modern Alchemical Performance

In this essay, I use the glass belly or vessel as a framework for examining the intersection of science, performance, and gender in the early modern period. I begin with the example of the glass belly because of how its form and functions intersect these areas of inquiry through early modern alchemy, which I argue can be examined *as* science in performance—in other words, alchemy serves as exemplar of the performativity of science. If early modern scholars have used performance to represent “the deceptive, hollow, and illusory nature of the theatrical, even as it conjures the real into being,” alchemy serves as a particularly pertinent case. Alchemy is often dismissed in our modern day as an illusory science, one that but mimics the more sophisticated techniques of scientific methodology and which is defined by its reputation as fraudulent and deceptive, which was not entirely accurate to its time. But insofar as we might define science as a body of knowledge—scientia—and a set of practices—techne—alchemy was very much constituted by both. Furthermore, precisely because of the gendering that occurred with the glass vessels used in alchemical science (and would continue to be used as laboratory vessels in the growing field of chemistry), I argue that the history of alchemy can provide a useful framework for mapping out the early, gendered relationships between science and performance

The morphology and morphometry of the digastric muscle in a predomantly fetal South African population.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.Introduction: The digastric muscle is a suprahyoid muscle made up of two muscle bellies namely, the anterior and posterior bellies. These bellies originate from the digastric fossa of the mandible and the mastoid notch of the temporal bone respectively and insert via a common intermediate tendon (IT) onto the hyoid bone. This study aimed to investigate and document the morphology and morphometry of the digastric muscle in cadaveric specimens in the South African population. Materials and methods: Macro-and micro-dissection was conducted on 40 fetuses (26 males, 14 females) between a gestational age range of 22-31 weeks old and 10 adults (8 males, 2 females) between the age range of 33-84 years old. Results: In fetuses, the anterior belly inserted via a narrow and broad belly onto the body, lesser – and greater horns of the hyoid bone. The posterior belly originated from the mastoid notch of the temporal bone as well as the lateral surface and tip of the mastoid process. Trifurcation of the posterior belly was reported in 2.5% of the cases. The IT location varied as it travelled on the superior and inferior border of the stylohyoid muscle in 5% and 2.5% of the specimens, respectively. In adults, the anterior accessory bellies were documented as they occurred unilaterally (20%) and bilaterally (30%). Conclusion: The fetal morphology reflected anatomical variations in the digastric muscle that have not been previously documented compared that of the adults. Comprehensive understanding of these anatomical variations may be of surgical relevance during corrective surgery and radiological imaging of the head and neck