Food Price Policy in Indonesia

Agricultural and Food Policy,

Identifying the Factors Contributing to the Volume of Coffee Export from North Sumatra to the United States, Malaysia and Japan

The fluctuation of coffee export from North Sumatra to the three primary destination countries, including the United States, Malaysia and Japan, has never been reported simultaneously. The research was aimed to analyze the factors affecting the volume of coffee export from North Sumatra to the United States, Malaysia and Japan. The research was conducted in November 2019 until March 2020. This study employed secondary data, which were obtained from the Statistics of Sumatera Utara, International Coffee Organization, Bank Indonesia and Trading Economics in the time series of 34 years (1986 until 2019). The data were analyzed using the quantitative descriptive method with the panel data regression analysis by applying the Chow and Hausman tests with the Eviews 10 software. The analysis results show that the Free on Board (FOB) value, Indonesia Coffee Prices (ICP), Rupiah Exchange Rate (RER), Gross Domestik Product (GDP) per capita and coffee yield simultaneously and significantly affected the Coffee Export Volume (CEV) from North Sumatra to the United States, Malaysia and Japan. The FOB value, ICP and coffee yield had a partially significant positive effect on the CEV from North Sumatra to the three countries. The GDP per capita had a partially significant negative effect, while the RER did not put significant effect on the CEV. The FOB value, ICP and coffee yield are necessary to be increased for maintaining and supporting a rise in the volume of coffee export from North Sumatra

Sustainable Supply Chain Management of Cocoa Beans in Indonesia: A Review

This review describes the sustainable supply chain management of cocoa beans in Indonesia. Cocoa beans are produced in some areas in Indonesia such as Central Sulawesi Province, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Lampung and other provinces. Indonesian cocoa beans performing special characteristic that is having higher melting point therefore it does not easily melt in higher temperature. So, Indonesian cocoa are commonly used for blending materials. In order to support the strength value of Indonesian cocoa beans, the sustainable supply chain management should also be considered. The sustainable supply chain management of cocoa beans will support the management system prioritizing balance and sustainability so that the business system is maintained. In addition, this will support increased effectiveness, efficiency and competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans globally

Population-Environment Dynamics: Transitions and Sustainability

The attached material is a pdf made from the website cited above. Collection of student papers with an introduction by the authors/editors: from a Population-Environment Dynamics course taught in 1998 in the School of Natural Resources and Environment, NRE545, and cross-listed in the Population Planning and International Health Program of the School of Public Health. Student authors: Marnie Boardman, Lewis Garvin, Asli Gocmen, Taufik Hanafi, Natalie Henry, Martha Masterton, Sujata Narayan, Mark Schmidt, Chandra Sivakumar, Jennifer Talbot, Michael Tiefel, Christina Welter, Moira Zellner.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60129/1/545_1998.pd

ASEAN-4: Agricultural Diversification in the 1990s

Agricultural diversification is a prominent theme in ASEAN-4 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand) today. Since formulation of Indonesia\u27s First 5-Year Development Plan in 1969, the four primary concepts guiding the country\u27s development have been intensification, extensification, rehabilitation, and diversification. In the Fifth Plan (1989-94), diversification was shifted up to top priority (Kasryno, et al., 1992, 1; Saroso, 1991, 184). Malaysia\u27s policies for export diversification have resulted in the value added from tin and rubber relative to the total value of primary exports decreasing from 63% in 1970 to 15% in 1990 (Yaacob, 1992, 4). Within agriculture, Malaysia has adopted policies to rely on its eight major large-scale irrigation schemes ( granary areas ) for the vast majority of its rice production and to convert non-granary irrigated areas from rice to diversified crops. The country\u27s paddy sector is being diversified through value-added production alternatives and vertical movement into processing and other forms of agroindustry (Mat and Chen, 1992, 167-169; Zulkifly, 1985, 105- 110). In the Philippines, the Department of Agriculture has adopted crop diversification as a strategy to increase agricultural production and farm income (Nilo, 1993, 19). The focus on diversification in the Philippines extends beyond crops to sustainable agroindustrial development in which possibilities for joint agricultural and industrial development are being actively pursued (Adriano, 1993, 14).Since the mid-1980s, the Thai government has given a strong mandate to its Department of Agricultural Extension to promote agricultural diversification (Siamwalla, et al., 1992a, 211). Thailand\u27s Sixth National Economic and Social Plan (1987-91) gives priority to agricultural diversification through farmers being encouraged to generate income from a greater variety of products and activities (Phattakun, 1991, 410; Siamwalla, et al., 1992b, 4). In this article, brief attention is given to defining diversification and conveying a flavor of recent trends in agricultural diversification in ASEAN-4. The main focus of the article is on the rationale for and constraints to achieving diversification. In the concluding section, I indicate my judgment on future prospects for diversification in ASEAN-4

自国民による技術主導産業キャッチアップ戦略の再文脈化: 7か国間の危機意識の違いについて

早大学位記番号:新8583早稲田大

Tropical forests and forest-risk commodities (FRCs): an integrated framework for the assessment of deforestation risks associated with the trade of FRCs in Europe

Despite the apparent decrease in global forest loss in the last few years, deforestation rates in tropical countries remain alarming. Deforestation drivers linked to agriculture expansion, wood extraction and infrastructure development, along with economic, political and social factors, have shaped how deforestation occurs in the tropics. They reflect the existing patterns, trends and actors involved in this matter. In this sense, the increasing demand for agricultural products that originate from tropical forest ecosystems is causing the expansion of the farming frontier in many countries by displacing forests. This is resulting in environmental and socio-economic issues that go from higher rates of biodiversity loss and the emission of greenhouse gases to increased corruption in forest-related sectors and social conflicts. More specifically, a telecoupling perspective allows seeing that the demand for forest risk commodities (FRCs) from powerful economies such as the European Union, the United Kingdom and China makes international trade a major responsible for deforestation in producing countries in the tropics. Recently, in order to reduce deforestation attributed to forest risk commodities such as cocoa, coffee, oil palm, soy, beef and wood, the EU published a proposal for a regulation on deforestation-free products. This proposal aims to prevent products originating from deforestation sources from entering the EU market or being exported from it by establishing a due diligence procedure that would ensure a negligible risk of non-compliance. Operators would have to ensure that their products are deforestation-free and that they were produced following the relevant legislation of the country of production. In this context, this study addresses the first point of compliance from a broad perspective by proposing an integrated framework for assessing the deforestation risk embedded in FRCs exported from tropical countries into the EU market. The top 15 exporters of 12 commodities related to cocoa, coffee, soy and oil palm were chosen to carry out the deforestation risk assessment for each country and product, based on trade data from 2003 to 2020. Furthermore, a social network analysis was included to display the relationships between producing/exporting countries and importing countries in terms of the relevance and role of certain actors in the trade of FRCs. The results show that the exports of FRCs into the EU market are causing extensive deforestation for their production due to cropland expansion, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia for palm oil, in Brazil and Paraguay for soybean, in Cotê d’Ivoire and Indonesia for cocoa, and in Tanzania and Indonesia for coffee. Other tropical countries, such as Malaysia, Colombia, Papua New Guinea, Honduras and Peru, also display concerning deforestation figures attributed to EU imports of FRCs. Furthermore, the results reveal that EU countries with prominent port and/or processing facilities and big industries, such as the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain and Italy, are importing the largest shares of FRCs from tropical countries among other EU countries. Relationships among producing/exporting and importing countries are basically condensed into a few countries, making them the main actors in the supply chain of these FRCs and, thus, the ones that should be taking more extensive measures towards a shift to a deforestation-free supply chain.Despite the apparent decrease in global forest loss in the last few years, deforestation rates in tropical countries remain alarming. Deforestation drivers linked to agriculture expansion, wood extraction and infrastructure development, along with economic, political and social factors, have shaped how deforestation occurs in the tropics. They reflect the existing patterns, trends and actors involved in this matter. In this sense, the increasing demand for agricultural products that originate from tropical forest ecosystems is causing the expansion of the farming frontier in many countries by displacing forests. This is resulting in environmental and socio-economic issues that go from higher rates of biodiversity loss and the emission of greenhouse gases to increased corruption in forest-related sectors and social conflicts. More specifically, a telecoupling perspective allows seeing that the demand for forest risk commodities (FRCs) from powerful economies such as the European Union, the United Kingdom and China makes international trade a major responsible for deforestation in producing countries in the tropics. Recently, in order to reduce deforestation attributed to forest risk commodities such as cocoa, coffee, oil palm, soy, beef and wood, the EU published a proposal for a regulation on deforestation-free products. This proposal aims to prevent products originating from deforestation sources from entering the EU market or being exported from it by establishing a due diligence procedure that would ensure a negligible risk of non-compliance. Operators would have to ensure that their products are deforestation-free and that they were produced following the relevant legislation of the country of production. In this context, this study addresses the first point of compliance from a broad perspective by proposing an integrated framework for assessing the deforestation risk embedded in FRCs exported from tropical countries into the EU market. The top 15 exporters of 12 commodities related to cocoa, coffee, soy and oil palm were chosen to carry out the deforestation risk assessment for each country and product, based on trade data from 2003 to 2020. Furthermore, a social network analysis was included to display the relationships between producing/exporting countries and importing countries in terms of the relevance and role of certain actors in the trade of FRCs. The results show that the exports of FRCs into the EU market are causing extensive deforestation for their production due to cropland expansion, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia for palm oil, in Brazil and Paraguay for soybean, in Cotê d’Ivoire and Indonesia for cocoa, and in Tanzania and Indonesia for coffee. Other tropical countries, such as Malaysia, Colombia, Papua New Guinea, Honduras and Peru, also display concerning deforestation figures attributed to EU imports of FRCs. Furthermore, the results reveal that EU countries with prominent port and/or processing facilities and big industries, such as the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain and Italy, are importing the largest shares of FRCs from tropical countries among other EU countries. Relationships among producing/exporting and importing countries are basically condensed into a few countries, making them the main actors in the supply chain of these FRCs and, thus, the ones that should be taking more extensive measures towards a shift to a deforestation-free supply chain

Studies on IPM policy in SE Asia : two centuries of plant protection in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) became a widely supported approach in the control of pests and diseases in crops. This study describes IPM policy and implementation, a.o. by the FAO Inter-Country Programme for the Development and Application of IPM in Rice in S and SE Asia in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.A brief description of agricultural development in the three countries serves to understand their priorities in crop production and protection, the origin of their institutions, their main pest and disease problems and their achievements in the public and private sectors. Examples demonstrate the ingenuity of colonial research in solving major obstacles in estate agriculture. A comparison of methods of pest management in pre-World War II agriculture without synthetic pesticides with modern IPM technology reveals some essential differences.In SE Asia in the 1960s, large scale intensification programs in rice production on the basis of Green Revolution technology led to serious outbreaks of secondary pests and virus epidemics. The Regional and National IPM programmes induced a political commitment to IPM in Indonesia and Malaysia. Large scale IPM training following the FFS extension method had reached about 1 million Indonesian farmers by 1996. An analysis of sales data over sixteen years shows that the effect of the FAO IPM programmes on the pesticide markets of the three countries is evident in Indonesia, but not in Malaysia and Thailand.</p