Style Guidelines for Naming and Labeling Ontologies in the Multilingual Web

In the context of the Semantic Web, natural language descriptions associated with ontologies have proven to be of major importance not only to support ontology developers and adopters, but also to assist in tasks such as ontology mapping, information extraction, or natural language generation. In the state-of-the-art we find some attempts to provide guidelines for URI local names in English, and also some disagreement on the use of URIs for describing ontology elements. When trying to extrapolate these ideas to a multilingual scenario, some of these approaches fail to provide a valid solution. On the basis of some real experiences in the translation of ontologies from English into Spanish, we provide a preliminary set of guidelines for naming and labeling ontologies in a multilingual scenario

MultiFarm: A benchmark for multilingual ontology matching

In this paper we present the MultiFarm dataset, which has been designed as a benchmark for multilingual ontology matching. The MultiFarm dataset is composed of a set of ontologies translated in different languages and the corresponding alignments between these ontologies. It is based on the OntoFarm dataset, which has been used successfully for several years in the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). By translating the ontologies of the OntoFarm dataset into eight different languages – Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish – we created a comprehensive set of realistic test cases. Based on these test cases, it is possible to evaluate and compare the performance of matching approaches with a special focus on multilingualism

Best practices for publishing linked data

Este documento establece una serie de buenas prácticas destinadas a facilitar el desarrollo y la entrega de los datos de gobierno abierto como Linked Open Data. Linked Open Data convierte a la World Wide Web en una base de datos global, a veces denominada como "Web de datos". Utilizando los principios de Linked Data, los desarrolladores pueden consultar datos enlazados provenientes de múltiples fuentes a la vez y combinarlos sin la necesidad de un único esquema común que todos los datos comparten. Anteriormente a las normas internacionales para el intercambio de datos para datos en la Web, construir aplicaciones utilizando técnicas tradicionales de gestión de datos era lento y difícil. Dado que se publican en la web cada vez más los datos de gobierno abierto, las buenas prácticas están evolucionando también. El objetivo de este documento es compilar las prácticas de gestión de los datos más relevantes para la publicación y uso de datos de alta calidad publicados por los gobiernos de todo el mundo como Linked Open Data.W3

Guidelines for multilingual linked data

In this article, we argue that there is a growing number of linked datasets in different natural languages, and that there is a need for guidelines and mechanisms to ensure the quality and organic growth of this emerging multilingual data network. However, we have little knowledge regarding the actual state of this data network, its current practices, and the open challenges that it poses. Questions regarding the distribution of natural languages, the links that are established across data in different languages, or how linguistic features are represented, remain mostly unanswered. Addressing these and other language-related issues can help to identify existing problems, propose new mechanisms and guidelines or adapt the ones in use for publishing linked data including language-related features, and, ultimately, provide metrics to evaluate quality aspects. In this article we review, discuss, and extend current guidelines for publishing linked data by focusing on those methods, techniques and tools that can help RDF publishers to cope with language barriers. Whenever possible, we will illustrate and discuss each of these guidelines, methods, and tools on the basis of practical examples that we have encountered in the publication of the datos.bne.es dataset

Challenges for the Multilingual Web of Data

The Web has witnessed an enormous growth in the amount of semantic information published in recent years. This growth has been stimulated to a large extent by the emergence of Linked Data. Although this brings us a big step closer to the vision of a Semantic Web, it also raises new issues such as the need for dealing with information expressed in different natural languages. Indeed, although the Web of Data can contain any kind of information in any language, it still lacks explicit mechanisms to automatically reconcile such information when it is expressed in ifferent languages. This leads to situations in which data expressed in a certain language is not easily accessible to speakers of other languages. The Web of Data shows the potential for being extended to a truly multilingual web as vocabularies and data can be published in a language-independent fashion, while associated language-dependent (linguistic) information supporting the access across languages can be stored separately. In this sense, the multilingual Web of Data can be realized in our view as a layer of services and resources on top of the existing Linked Data infrastructure adding i) linguistic information for data and vocabularies in different languages, ii) mappings between data with labels in different languages, and iii) services to dynamically access and traverse Linked Data across different languages. In this article we present this vision of a multilingual Web of Data. We discuss challenges that need to be addressed to make this vision come true and discuss the role that techniques such as ontology localization, ontology mapping, and cross-lingual ontology-based information access and presentation will play in achieving this. Further, we propose an initial architecture and describe a roadmap that can provide a basis for the implementation of this vision

Challenges for the multilingual Web of Data

Garcia J, Montiel-Ponsoda E, Cimiano P, Gómez-Pérez A, Buitelaar P, McCrae J. Challenges for the multilingual Web of Data. Journal of Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web. 2012;11:63-71

The construction of a linguistic linked data framework for bilingual lexicographic resources

Little-known lexicographic resources can be of tremendous value to users once digitised. By extending the digitisation efforts for a lexicographic resource, converting the human readable digital object to a state that is also machine-readable, structured data can be created that is semantically interoperable, thereby enabling the lexicographic resource to access, and be accessed by, other semantically interoperable resources. The purpose of this study is to formulate a process when converting a lexicographic resource in print form to a machine-readable bilingual lexicographic resource applying linguistic linked data principles, using the English-Xhosa Dictionary for Nurses as a case study. This is accomplished by creating a linked data framework, in which data are expressed in the form of RDF triples and URIs, in a manner which allows for extensibility to a multilingual resource. Click languages with characters not typically represented by the Roman alphabet are also considered. The purpose of this linked data framework is to define each lexical entry as “historically dynamic”, instead of “ontologically static” (Rafferty, 2016:5). For a framework which has instances in constant evolution, focus is thus given to the management of provenance and linked data generation thereof. The output is an implementation framework which provides methodological guidelines for similar language resources in the interdisciplinary field of Library and Information Science

Archival Linked (Open) Data: Empfehlungen für bestehende Metadaten und Massnahmen für die Zukunft am Fallbeispiel des Schweizerischen Sozialarchivs

Eine Kernaufgabe der Archive ist die Erschliessung des Archivguts. Bisher wurden Archivbestände meist als hierarchische und isolierte Einheiten verzeichnet. Die zunehmende Digitalisierung, neue Fachbereiche wie die Digital Humanities oder Entwicklungen wie das Semantic Web bzw. Linked Open Data haben jedoch neue Ideen in die Archivwelt getragen. Einer der deutlichsten Vorboten dieser neuen Welt ist Records in Context (RiC). Der neue Verzeichnungsstandard des wichtigen International Council on Archives (ICA) ist konzeptionell auf Linked Open Data und das Semantic Web ausgerichtet. Doch was bedeutet es für die Archive, wenn aus den bisher isolierten Beständen verlinkte und maschinenlesbare Netzwerke entstehen sollen? Wie sollen archivalische Metadaten und Datenmodelle in Linked Open Data aussehen und an welche Qualitätsansprüche sollen diese neu berücksichtigen?Um diese Fragen zu beantworten hat die Arbeit das Konzept und die Technologien die Linked Open Data zugrunde liegen vorgestellt. Danach wurden Qualitätsmerkmale für Linked Open Data zusammengetragen und der momentane Stand von Linked Open Data im Archivbereich beleuchtet. Dabei wurde unter anderem bereits existierende Ansätze und Anwendungen aus dem Archivbereich vorgestellt und mit den Qualitätsmerkmalen verglichen. Die Überprüfung der Praxistauglichkeit der Qualitätsmerkmale erfolgte am Fallbeispiel der Metadaten des Schweizerischen Sozialarchivs.Auf Basis der erarbeitenden Resultate spricht die Arbeit eine Reihe von Empfehlungen aus. Diese richten sich an Archive, die sich mit dem Thema Linked Open Data beschäftigen oder eine Anwendung in diesem Bereich planen

A Knowledge Graph Based Integration Approach for Industry 4.0

The fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0 (I40) aims at creating smart factories employing among others Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Realizing smart factories according to the I40 vision requires intelligent human-to-machine and machine-to-machine communication. To achieve this communication, CPS along with their data need to be described and interoperability conflicts arising from various representations need to be resolved. For establishing interoperability, industry communities have created standards and standardization frameworks. Standards describe main properties of entities, systems, and processes, as well as interactions among them. Standardization frameworks classify, align, and integrate industrial standards according to their purposes and features. Despite being published by official international organizations, different standards may contain divergent definitions for similar entities. Further, when utilizing the same standard for the design of a CPS, different views can generate interoperability conflicts. Albeit expressive, standardization frameworks may represent divergent categorizations of the same standard to some extent, interoperability conflicts need to be resolved to support effective and efficient communication in smart factories. To achieve interoperability, data need to be semantically integrated and existing conflicts conciliated. This problem has been extensively studied in the literature. Obtained results can be applied to general integration problems. However, current approaches fail to consider specific interoperability conflicts that occur between entities in I40 scenarios. In this thesis, we tackle the problem of semantic data integration in I40 scenarios. A knowledge graphbased approach allowing for the integration of entities in I40 while considering their semantics is presented. To achieve this integration, there are challenges to be addressed on different conceptual levels. Firstly, defining mappings between standards and standardization frameworks; secondly, representing knowledge of entities in I40 scenarios described by standards; thirdly, integrating perspectives of CPS design while solving semantic heterogeneity issues; and finally, determining real industry applications for the presented approach. We first devise a knowledge-driven approach allowing for the integration of standards and standardization frameworks into an Industry 4.0 knowledge graph (I40KG). The standards ontology is used for representing the main properties of standards and standardization frameworks, as well as relationships among them. The I40KG permits to integrate standards and standardization frameworks while solving specific semantic heterogeneity conflicts in the domain. Further, we semantically describe standards in knowledge graphs. To this end, standards of core importance for I40 scenarios are considered, i.e., the Reference Architectural Model for I40 (RAMI4.0), AutomationML, and the Supply Chain Operation Reference Model (SCOR). In addition, different perspectives of entities describing CPS are integrated into the knowledge graphs. To evaluate the proposed methods, we rely on empirical evaluations as well as on the development of concrete use cases. The attained results provide evidence that a knowledge graph approach enables the effective data integration of entities in I40 scenarios while solving semantic interoperability conflicts, thus empowering the communication in smart factories

Travaux du/Arbeiten aus dem Master of Advanced Studies in Archival, Library and Information Science, 2016-2018

Travaux du/Arbeiten aus dem Master of Advanced Studies in Archival, Library and Information Science, 2016-201