Measurements and analysis of large-scale fading characteristics in curved subway tunnels at 920 MHz, 2400 MHz, and 5705 MHz

ave propagation characteristics in curved tunnels are of importance for designing reliable communications in subway systems. This paper presents the extensive propagation measurements conducted in two typical types of subway tunnels—traditional arched “Type I” tunnel and modern arched “Type II” tunnel—with300- and 500-m radii of curvature with different configurations—horizontal and vertical polarizations at 920, 2400, and 5705 MHz, respectively. Based on the measurements, statistical metrics of propagation loss and shadow fading (path-loss exponent, shadow fading distribution, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation) in all the measurement cases are extracted. Then, the large-scale fading characteristics in the curved subway tunnels are compared with the cases of road and railway tunnels, the other main rail traffic scenarios, and some “typical” scenarios to give a comprehensive insight into the propagation in various scenarios where the intelligent transportation systems are deployed. Moreover, for each of the large-scale fading parameters, extensive analysis and discussions are made to reflect the physical laws behind the observations. The quantitative results and findings are useful to realize intelligent transportation systems in the subway system

Propagation channel characterisation and modelling for high-speed train communication systems

High-mobility scenarios, e.g., High-Speed Train (HST) scenarios, are expected to be typical scenarios for the Fifth Generation (5G) communication systems. With the rapid development of HSTs, an increasing volume of wireless communication data is required to be transferred to train passengers. HST users demand high network capacity and reliable communication services regardless of their locations or speeds, which are beyond the capability of current HST communication systems. The features of HST channels are significantly different from those of low-mobility cellular communication systems. For a proper design and evaluation of future HST wireless communication systems, we need accurate channel models that can mimic the underlying channel characteristics, especially the non-stationarity for different HST scenarios. Inspired by the lack of such accurate HST channel models in the literature, this PhD project is devoted to the modelling and simulation of non-stationary Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channels for HST communication systems. In this thesis, we first give a comprehensive review of the measurement campaigns conducted in different HST scenarios and address the recent advances in HST channel models. We also highlight the key challenges of HST channel measurements and models. Then, we study the characterisation of non-stationary channels and propose a theoretical framework for deriving the statistical properties of these channels. HST wireless communication systems encounter different channel conditions due to the difference of surrounding geographical environments or scenarios. HST channel models in the literature have either considered large-scale parameters only and/or neglected the non-stationarity of HST channels and/or only consider one of the HST scenarios. Therefore, we propose a novel generic non-stationary Geometry-Based Stochastic Model (GBSM) for wideband MIMO HST channels in different HST scenarios, i.e., open space, viaduct, and cutting. The corresponding simulation model is then developed with angular parameters calculated by the Modified Method of Equal Area (MMEA). The system functions and statistical properties of the proposed channel models are thoroughly studied. The proposed generic non-stationary HST channel models are verified by measurements in terms of stationary time for the open space scenario and the Autocorrelation Function (ACF), Level Crossing Rate (LCR), and stationary distance for the viaduct and cutting scenarios. Transmission techniques which are capable of utilising Three-Dimensional (3D) spatial dimensions are significant for the development of future communication systems. Consequently, 3D MIMO channel models are critical for the development and evaluation of these techniques. Therefore, we propose a novel 3D generic non-stationary GBSM for wideband MIMO HST channels in the most common HST scenarios. The corresponding simulation model is then developed with angular parameters calculated by the Method of Equal Volume (MEV). The proposed models considers several timevarying channel parameters, such as the angular parameters, the number of taps, the Ricean K-factor, and the actual distance between the Transmitter (Tx) and Receiver (Rx). Based on the proposed generic models, we investigate the impact of the elevation angle on some of the channel statistical properties. The proposed 3D generic models are verified using relevant measurement data. Most standard channel models in the literature, like Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), COST 2100, and IMT-2000 failed to introduce any of the HST scenarios. Even for the standard channel models which introduced a HST scenario, like IMT-Advanced (IMT-A) and WINNER II channel models, they offer stationary intervals that are noticeably longer than those in measured HST channels. This has inspired us to propose a non-stationary IMT-A channel model with time-varying parameters including the number of clusters, powers, delays of the clusters, and angular parameters. Based on the proposed non-stationary IMT-A channel model, important statistical properties, i.e., the time-variant spatial Cross-correlation Function (CCF) and time-variant ACF, are derived and analysed. Simulation results demonstrate that the stationary interval of the developed non-stationary IMT-A channel model can match that of relevant HST measurement data. In summary, the proposed theoretical and simulation models are indispensable for the design, testing, and performance evaluation of 5G high-mobility wireless communication systems in general and HST ones in specific

Large-scale fading characterization in curved modern subway tunnels

This paper presents extensive propagation measurements conducted in a modern arched tunnel with 300 m and 500 m radii of curvature with horizontal polarizations at 920 MHz, 2400 MHz, and 5705 MHz, respectively. Based on the measurements, statistical metrics of propagation loss and shadow fading in all the measurement cases are extracted. Furthermore, for each of the large-scale fading parameters, extensive analysis and discussions are made to reveal the physical laws behind the observations. The quantitative results and findings are useful to realize intelligent transportation systems in the subway system

Channel Measurements and Models for High-Speed Train Communication Systems: A Survey

The recent development of high-speed trains (HSTs) as an emerging high mobility transportation system, and the growing demands of broadband services for HST users, introduce new challenges to wireless communication systems for HSTs. Accurate and efficient channel models considering both large-scale and non-stationary small-scale fading characteristics are crucial for the design, performance evaluation, and parameter optimization of HST wireless communication systems. However, the characteristics of the underlying HST channels have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This paper first provides a comprehensive review of the measurement campaigns conducted in different HST scenarios and then addresses the recent advances in HST channel models. Finally, key challenges of HST channel measurements and models are discussed and several research directions in this area are outlined

Ray-Based Statistical Propagation Modeling for Indoor Corridor Scenarios at 15 GHz

According to the demands for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems, high frequency bands (above 6 GHz) need to be adopted to provide additional spectrum. This paper investigates the characteristics of indoor corridor channels at 15 GHz. Channel measurements with a vector network analyzer in two corridors were conducted. Based on a ray-optical approach, a deterministic channel model covering both antenna and propagation characteristic is presented. The channel model is evaluated by comparing simulated results of received power and root mean square delay spread with the corresponding measurements. By removing the impact of directional antennas from the transmitter and receiver, a path loss model as well as small-scale fading properties for typical corridors is presented based on the generated samples from the deterministic model. Results show that the standard deviation of path loss variation is related to the Tx height, and placing the Tx closer to the ceiling leads to a smaller fluctuation of path loss

Transmission-Based Signaling Systems

In this chapter, we describe the principal communication systems applied to the transmission-based signaling (TBS) systems for railways. Typical examples are communication-based train control (CBTC), European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), and distance to go (DTG). Moreover, to properly address some of the challenges that need to face these systems, we will provide a deep insight on propagation issues related to all the environments (urban, suburban, rural, tunnel, etc.). We will highlight all the communication-related issues and the operational as well. Finally, a detailed survey on the directions of research on all these topics is provided, in order to properly cover this interesting subject. In this research, hot topics like virtual coupling are explained as well

Wireless Channel Model and LDM-Based Transmission with Unequal Error Protection for Inside Train Communications

Although the deployment of wireless systems is widespread, there are still sectors where they are not used due to their lack of reliability in comparison to wired systems. Sectors like industry or vehicle communications consider their environment hostile because the wireless signals suffer a lot of interferences. One of such environments is the railway sector, where wiring removal will allow more flexibility for both control and monitoring systems. This thesis analyzes wireless communications inside train cars, aiming at modelling their behavior and at proposing techniques to increase the reliability of the critical signals among train systems, wich can coexist with other lower priority systems. After proposing a novel model of an inside train wireless channel, a transmission system based on Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM) has been proposed which theoretically promises higher capacities than traditional TDM or FDM. This capacity gain is used to provide higher reliability to critical data using Unequal Error Protection (UEP) while maintaining the same bit rate as equivalent TDM or FDM based systems. In the final part of the thesis, simulation results of the proposed LDM system are provided, combined with Alamouti space time coding and different coding rates. Multiantenna extensions of the proposed LDM schemes are also simulated, providing BER and throughput results. These results will be used to shed light about how to reduce BER of an inside train wireless communication system.Aunque el despliegue de los sistemas inalámbricos está muy extendido, aun hay sectores donde no se utiliza por la poca fiabilidad que proporcionan comparado con los sistemas cableados. Sectores como la industria o las comunicaciones vehiculares consideran el entorno donde trabajan como entorno hostil, debido a que las señales inalámbricas sufren muchas interferencias. Uno de estos entornos es el de las comunicaciones en ferrocarril donde la eliminación de cables permitiría mayor flexibilidad entre los sistemas de control y monitorización. En esta tesis se analiza el canal de comunicación inalámbrico dentro de los trenes, con el objetivo de modelar su comportamiento y proponer técnicas que permitan aumentar la fiabilidad de la información de tipo crítico transmitida entre los sistemas del tren, repercutiendo lo menos posible en otros sistemas de menor prioridad. Tras proponer el modelo de canal inalámbrico dentro del tren, se ha propuesto un sistema de transmisión basado en Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM) que analizándolo teóricamente promete mayores capacidades que los tradicionales TDM o FDM. Esta capacidad se utilizará para obtener mayor redundancia de los datos críticos usando Unequal Error Protection (UEP) manteniendo la misma tasa de transferencia bits que los sistemas basados en TDM/FDM. En la parte final de la tesis, se obtienen resultados de las simulaciones realizadas con el sistema LDM propuesto, combinada con codificación espacio temporal como Alamouti y diferentes ratios de codificación. También se han simulado configuraciones multiantena obteniendo resultados de BER y throughput. Estos resultados servirán para arrojar luz sobre cómo reducir el BER en las comunicaciones inalámbricas dentro de los trenes.Haririk gabeko sistemak oso hedatuak dauden arren oraindik erabiltzen ez dituen sektoreak badaude ematen duten fidagarritasuna txikia delako kableatutako sistemekin alderatuz. Industria bezalako sektoreek edo ibilgailuetako komunikazioek lan egiten duten ingurua oso zaratatsua izaten da eta seinaleek interferentzia asko jasaten dituzte. Tesi honetan tren barruko haririk gabeko komunikazio kanala aztertzen da, bere portaera aztertu eta modelatzeko asmotan. Jakintza honekin zein teknika izan daitekeen erabilgarriak aztertuko da datuen fidagarritasuna handitzeko helburuarekin, lehentasun gutxiago duten sistemetan eragin txikiena izanik. Modeloa atera ondoren proposatu den transmisio sistema Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM) izan da, non azterketa teorikoek TDM edo FDM sistemek baino kapazitate gehiago dutela frogatzen dute. Kapazitate hau sistemaren datu kritikoei erredundantzia gehiago emateko erabiliko da Unequal Error Protection (UEP) erabiliz, TDM/FDM sistemetan bidaltzen den bit tasa kopurua mantenduz. Tesiaren azken partean, proposatutako LDM sistemaren simulazio emaitzak ematen dira, Alamouti espazio denbora kodifikazioarekin konbinatuak eta kodigo ratio desberdinekin. Antena anitzezko konfigurazioak ere simulatu dira BER eta throughput emaitzak lortuz. Emaitza hauek haririk gabeko tren barruko komunikazioetan BER-a nola gutxitu daitekeen jakiten lagunduko digute

Diseño y evaluación de nuevas formas e onda para comunicaciones de alta movilidad

Programa Oficial de Doutoramento en Tecnoloxías da Información e Comunicación en Redes Móbiles. 553V01[Resumo] Os servizos multimedia e de datos experimentaron un crecemento continuo nos últimos anos e espérase que crezan aínda máis nos anos seguintes. A xente está a usar cada vez máis os seus dispositivos móbiles para acceder a servizos baseados en datos para fins relacionados co traballo, entretemento ou socialización en liña. Ademais, as comunicacións masivas de tipo máquina tamén están en ascenso (por exemplo, as comunicacións en transporte e loxística, sensores, Internet das cousas, etc.), e serán moi importantes para a nova xeración de sistemas de comunicacións sen fíos. Para afrontar o aumento esperado no uso de servizos multimedia e baseado en datos, así como para soportar novos casos de uso que hoxe non son posibles, unha nova xeración de redes sen fíos é necesaria. Para iso, espérase que os sistemas de comunicación sen fíos 5G traian as melloras necesarias: maiores taxas de datos, baixas latencias, mellor eficiencia enerxética, alta fiabilidade, etc. O coñecemento das características da canle sen fíos é fundamental para a planificación das redes de comunicación sen fíos e o deseño de transceptores. Como primeiro paso, centramos este traballo na caracterización completa da canle para diferentes escenarios, como son os trens de alta velocidade, metro e comunicacións vehículo a infraestrutura en estradas. A canle caracterizouse mediante a avaliación da relación sinal a ruído, a perda de traxecto (path loss) e os chamados parámetros condensados da canle (por exemplo, o factor K, o perfil potencia-retardo (power delay profile) e a densidade espectral de potencia Doppler. Ademais, para a nova interface aérea das redes 5G, unha das principais cuestións foi a forma de onda a usar. Finalmente, o 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) decidiu usar a tecnoloxía de multiplexación por división de frecuencias ortogonais (OFDM polas súas siglas en inglés). Isto semella unha elección natural debido ás moitas vantaxes de OFDM e que tamén é a técnica de modulación empregada nas redes 4G. Con todo, nos últimos anos, esquemas multiportadora baseados en bancos de filtros (FBMC polas súas siglas en inglés) recibiron unha grande atención como alternativa a OFDM debido ás súas vantaxes: non utilizan un prefixo cíclico (proporcionan unha maior eficiencia espectral), os usuarios non precisan ser sincronizados no enlace ascendente, e un mellor rendemento teórico en contornas de alta velocidade debido a unha menor interferencia entre portadoras. Neste traballo comparamos experimentalmente o rendemento de FBMC e OFDM en contornas de alta velocidade. Tamén analizamos o rendemento de FBMC e OFDM no caso de uso práctico dun vehículo aéreo lixeiro pilotado remotamente. A maior parte do traballo realizado nesta tese requiriu o deseño e desenvolvemento do chamado GTEC 5G Simulator, que foi usado en conxunto co GTEC Testbed para realizar a maior parte das campañas de medicións e avaliacións de rendemento mediante transmisións polo aire.[Resumen] Los servicios multimedia y basados en datos experimentaron un crecimiento sin interrupciones en los últimos años, y se espera que crezcan aún más en los años siguientes. Las personas utilizan cada vez más sus dispositivos móviles para acceder a los servicios basados en datos con fines relacionados con el trabajo, el entretenimiento o la socialización en línea. Además, las comunicaciones masivas de tipo máquina también están en aumento (por ejemplo, comunicaciones en transporte y logística, sensores, Internet de las cosas, etc.) y serán muy importantes para la nueva generación de sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricos. Para hacer frente al aumento esperado en el uso de servicios multimedia y basados en datos, así como para soportar nuevos casos de uso que no son posibles hoy en día, se requiere una nueva generación de sistemas inalámbricos. Para esto, se espera que los sistemas de comunicación inalámbrica 5G aporten las mejoras necesarias: mayores tasas de datos, menores latencias, mejor eficiencia energética, alta fiabilidad, etc. El conocimiento de las características del canal inalámbrico es fundamental para la planificación de redes de comunicación inalámbricas y el diseño de transceptores. Como primer paso, centramos este trabajo en la caracterización completa del canal para diferentes escenarios, tales como trenes de alta velocidad, metro y comunicaciones vehículo a infraestructura en carreteras. El canal se caracterizó por medio de la evaluación de la relación señal a ruido, la pérdida de trayecto (path loss) y los llamados parámetros condensados de canal (por ejemplo, el factor K, el perfil potencia-retardo (power delay profile) y la densidad espectral de potencia Doppler). Además, para la nueva interfaz aérea de las redes 5G, una de las preguntas principales ha sido la forma de onda a usar. Finalmente, el 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) decidió usar la tecnología de multiplexación por división de frecuencias ortogonales (OFDM por sus siglas en inglés). Esta es una elección lógica, debido a las muchas ventajas exhibidas por OFDM y dado que también es la técnica de modulación empleada en las redes 4G. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, los esquemas multiportadora basados en bancos de filtros (FBMC por sus siglas en inglés) han recibido una gran atención como una alternativa a OFDM debido a sus ventajas: no usan un prefijo cíclico (lo que proporciona una mayor eficiencia espectral), los usuarios no necesitan sincronizarse en el enlace ascendente, y un mejor rendimiento teórico en escenarios de alta velocidad debido a una menor interferencia entre subportadoras. En este trabajo comparamos experimentalmente el rendimiento de FBMC y OFDM en entornos de alta velocidad. También analizamos el rendimiento de FBMC y OFDM en el caso de uso práctico de un vehículo aéreo ligero tripulado remotamente. La mayor parte del trabajo llevado a cabo en esta tesis requirió el diseño y desarrollo del denominado GTEC 5G Simulator, que se utilizó junto con el GTEC Testbed para realizar la mayoría de las campañas de medidas y evaluaciones de rendimiento por medio de transmisiones por aire.[Abstract] Multimedia and data-based services experienced a non-stopping growth over the last few years and are expected to grow even more in the following years. People are using more and more their mobile devices to access data-based services for work-related purposes, entertainment or online socialization. Moreover, massive machine-type communications are also on the rise (e.g., transport and logistics communications, sensors, Internet of Things, etc.), and will be very important for the new generation of wireless communication systems. To cope with the expected increase in the usage of multimedia and data-based services, as well as to support new use cases which are not possible today, a new generation of wireless systems is required. For this, 5G wireless communication systems are expected to bring the necessary improvements: higher data rates, lower latencies, better energy efficiency, high reliability, etc. Knowledge of the wireless channel characteristics is fundamental for the planning of wireless communication networks and transceivers design. As a first step, this work centered in the channel characterization for different scenarios such as high-speed trains, subways, and vehicle-to-infrastructure in roads. The channel was characterized by means of assessing the signal-to-noise ratio, the path loss, and the so-called channel condensed parameters (e.g., the K-factor, the power delay profile, and the Doppler power spectral density). Moreover, for the new air interface of 5G networks, one of the main questions was the waveform to be used. Finally, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) decided to use orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM). This seems a natural choice due to the many advantages exhibited by OFDM and it is also the modulation technique employed by 4G networks. However, over the last few years, schemes based on filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) using quadrature amplitude modulation have received a great attention as an alternative to OFDM due to their advantages: they do not use a cyclic prefix (thus providing a higher bandwidth efficiency), users do not need to be synchronized in the uplink, and they achieve a theoretical better performance in high-speed scenarios due to a lower inter-carrier interference. In this work, we have experimentally compared the performance of FBMC versus OFDM in high-speed scenarios. We have also analyzed the performance of FBMC versus OFDM in the practical use case of a lightweight remotely piloted aircraft. The majority of the work carried out in this thesis required the design and development of the so-called GTEC 5G Simulator, which was used in conjunction with the GTEC Testbed to perform most of the measurement campaigns and performance evaluations by means of over-the-air transmissions