A comparative study of the marketing of cotton in India and America.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University Includes bibliographical references (leaves p. 121)

Banking and the debt recovery: A comparative study of the law and practice in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.

Current economic development law theories and technical assistance practices of international financial institutions emphasise the critical importance for an emerging or transitioning economy in moving towards a market orientated system, to have in place a modem commercial law infrastructure so that the economy can develop robust credit and other financial markets and can attract internal and external capital investments. One essential element of this desired commercial law infrastructure is a legal and judicial framework that provides for an efficient and prompt debt recovery process. Unfortunately, recent studies indicate that, in most developing countries debt recovery is in crisis. The subject matter of this volume will be debt recovery in South Asia countries of India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. These countries have been chosen for different reasons: India because it represents one of the largest emerging economies; Sri Lanka because its relevant legal system is a mix of English Common Law and Roman Dutch Law concepts; and Malaysia because it has achieved significant economic and financial modernisation through a rather special governmental-societal approach. Hopefully such a comparative analysis will shed some light on how to improve debt recovery laws in emerging economies in a manner conducive to sustainable economic and social development. The ultimate thesis of this manuscript is that a suitable debt recovery system for an emerging economy requires, not simply suitable laws and judicial remedies, but also appropriate financial industry practices as to credit allocation and loan supervision; a broad range of fair and effective enforcement mechanisms; and an independent, commercial trained and responsive judiciary. The conclusion looks at the present state of the development of the banking sector in the selected three countries, with special attention being given to the apparent tensions between the market orientated policies that are being ambitiously pursued and the laws that govern credit, security and debt recovery

Agricultural Value Chains in India

This open access book provides a clear holistic conceptual framework of CISS-F (competitiveness, inclusiveness, sustainability, scalability and access to finance) to analyse the efficiency of value chains of high value agricultural commodities in India. It is based on the understanding that agriculture is an integrated system that connects farming with logistics, processing and marketing. Farmer’s welfare being central to any agricultural policy makes it very pertinent to study how a value chain works and can be strengthened further to realize this policy goal. This book adds value to the existing research by studying the value chains end-to-end across a wide spectrum of agricultural commodities with the holistic lens of CISS-F. It is not enough that a value chain is competitive but not inclusive or it is competitive and inclusive but not sustainable. The issue of scalability is very critical to achieve macro gains in terms of greater farmer outreach and sectoral growth. The research undertaken here brings out some very useful insights for policymaking in terms of what needs to be done better to steer the agricultural value chains towards being more competitive, inclusive, sustainable and scalable. The value chain specific research findings help draw very nuanced policy recommendations as well as present a big picture of the future direction of policy making in agriculture

Agricultural Value Chains in India

This open access book provides a clear holistic conceptual framework of CISS-F (competitiveness, inclusiveness, sustainability, scalability and access to finance) to analyse the efficiency of value chains of high value agricultural commodities in India. It is based on the understanding that agriculture is an integrated system that connects farming with logistics, processing and marketing. Farmer’s welfare being central to any agricultural policy makes it very pertinent to study how a value chain works and can be strengthened further to realize this policy goal. This book adds value to the existing research by studying the value chains end-to-end across a wide spectrum of agricultural commodities with the holistic lens of CISS-F. It is not enough that a value chain is competitive but not inclusive or it is competitive and inclusive but not sustainable. The issue of scalability is very critical to achieve macro gains in terms of greater farmer outreach and sectoral growth. The research undertaken here brings out some very useful insights for policymaking in terms of what needs to be done better to steer the agricultural value chains towards being more competitive, inclusive, sustainable and scalable. The value chain specific research findings help draw very nuanced policy recommendations as well as present a big picture of the future direction of policy making in agriculture

A critical appraisal of secured transactions over personal property in Nigeria: legal problems and a proposal for reform

The thesis contemplates the need for Nigerian policy makers to undertake a reform of secured transactions law to meet international best standards, building upon earlier, unsuccessful, efforts by lawmakers, and drawing upon international benchmarks. It critically analyses the Registration of Security Interests in Movable Property by Banks and Other Financial Institutions in Nigeria (Regulation No.1 2015) 'CBNR' published on 2 February 2015. The CBNR, with a primary aim of facilitating affordable credit, and to modernise secured transactions law through the use of personal property as collateral, has departed from its previous position which it inherited from England. This thesis has drawn comparisons between the CBNR and prior reform initiatives particularly the Draft Law 2009 prepared by the Centre for the Economic Analysis of Law (CEAL). These reforms, which were not implemented, recommended wholesale changes to harmonise all existing secured transactions law in Nigeria. The CBNR does not follow this approach, but instead, adopts a piecemeal approach to reform. Correspondingly, this forms the framework within which this study has been undertaken with reference to whether a piecemeal or wholesale reform is now required. This thesis has followed the International Finance Corporation (IFC) approach which focuses on a three-stage secured transactions reform strategy - modernisation of the existing legal framework; establishment of an electronic collateral registry; a concerted effort towards building capacity. With the assistance of international secured transactions legal frameworks such as the UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions 2007, and its Registry Guide 2014, the CBNR has been benchmarked against these adaptable legal frameworks for the purpose of harmonising secured transactions law, in search of the international best practice which may be desirable for Nigeria. The thesis identifies and discusses at length several problems and inconsistencies associated with the CNBR, and the thesis makes suggestions for a wholesale reform of the Nigerian secured transactions law. This thesis builds on existing knowledge on secured transactions law reform with particular reference, and usefulness, to sub-Saharan African countries and other developing countries that wish to attempt a similar reform of this nature

Jodi Howick Appellant v. Salt Lake City Corporation, Appellee

Appeal from the third District court, Salt Lake County, State of Utah The Honorable Richard D. McKelvi

James Robert Rawcliffe, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Robert Anciaux. Et Al., Defendants and Appelles

Appeal from the Third District Court, Salt Lake County, State of Utah The Honorable Heather Brereton, District Court No. 14090525

Documentary letters of credit and related rules under international trade law: A case for action

Letters of credit (LCs) as instruments of payment play an important role in international trade, namely, for bankers as trusted mediators to fill the gap between buyers/ applicants and sellers/ beneficiaries by arranging payments against documents of title (bills of lading). Rules and provisions related to such a system at the international level have always been a focus of attention and have fascinated legal scholars. The present thesis follows a similar concern; its central theme is the present system of law related to LCs at the international level; relevant questions addressed are: (1) what is the present system of law related to LCs?; (2) would such a system be adequate to provide a uniform law concerning LCs?; and (3) if not, what would be a possible replacement for it? The thesis is based on UCP 500 and common law (English, American (particularly Article 5 of the UCC), and Scots law) and considers the relevant questions in four Parts (12 Chapters) in the following order: 1. Part One (three Chapters) studies LCs and the current situation; in that respect, after an introduction (background, rationale and framework of the present research study) a general background about the history and different sources on standards and rules of LCs is presented (Chapter I). More details follow concerning LCs' structure (definition, function, and operation) and principles operative in such a system (principle of strict compliance and doctrine of autonomy) (Chapter II). Standby letters of credit (SLCs) and their history, structure, their similarities and differences from LCs and bank guarantees (BGs) are considered in Chapter ill. It is concluded that the present system of LCs is a mixture of international customary (UCP 500) and national laws. 2. Part Two focuses on the international side of the system (UCP 500). Two chapters (IV and V) try to establish the level of effectiveness of the existing international sources of law regarding the needs of international commercial communities, at present. In that respect, Chapter IV is devoted to the UCP, its structure and related issues which affect applicants, beneficiaries, and bankers in their dealings within the system. A similar approach is followed in Chapter V in a comparison between UCP 500 and Article 5 of the UCC in the United States. The results make obvious that the UCP did not and does not address many issues relevant to LCs. 3. Part Three (Chapters VI-VIII) considers legal issues related to LCs from a common law perspective. In order to achieve this goal bankers' rights and duties/ undertakings in relation to the applicants (the principle of strict compliance, its concept and exceptions) and the beneficiaries (doctrine of autonomy, its concept, connection with a sale and a carriage contracts, and exceptions (particularly fraud and its relevant issues) are discussed (Chapters VI and VII). In the same line the bank's right of security under LCs and relevant issues are considered in Chapter VIII. It is concluded that many issues related to LCs are left to be decided under national rather than international law, and that harms the credibility of the system from an international law point of view. 4. Part Four (Chapters IX-XII) mainly deals with the future of the letters of credit system. In that regard Chapter IX deals with electronic data interchange (EDI) and relevant issues such as definition, related projects, advantages and disadvantages compared with paper-based documents, and with such legal issues as the role of documents in international trade and their impact on the UCP 500. Chapter X, follows a similar purpose by studying UNCITRAL's activities concerning a draft convention on SLCs and BGs, in order to establish the effect of that project over the present LCs' system. Then, issues connected to the possibility of the unification of the law of LCs, namely, current conditions in the world of commerce, meaning of unification and its practical interest, methods and techniques for the unification of law at the international level and obstacles to it, are considered. The next issue for consideration is international legislation and issues related to such an option as a substitute for international customary law (Section A, Chapter XI). In that respect and after considering different available techniques (supranational legislation, convention and model law) in a comparison between international conventions and international customs, reasons for and against each one of them are discussed. In Section B of Chapter XI, another reference is made to the UCP, its legal nature and shortcomings as an international source of law connected to LCs. Lastly, Chapter XII deals with conclusions based on the results of points presented throughout the thesis. It is concluded that for greater certainty, credibility, and reliability on the law of LCs at the international level, the present system (a mixture of international customs and national law) should be replaced by a new system (a mixture of international convention and national law) in order to respond better to the present and future needs of international commercial communities