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A single TRPV1 amino acid controls species sensitivity to capsaicin.
Chili peppers produce capsaicin (a vanilloid) that activates the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) on sensory neurons to alter their membrane potential and induce pain. To identify residues responsible for differential TRPV1 capsaicin sensitivity among species, we used intracellular Ca2+ imaging to characterize chimeras composed of capsaicin-sensitive rat TRPV1 (rTRPV1) and capsaicin-insensitive chicken TRPV1 (cTRPV1) exposed to a series of capsaicinoids. We found that chimeras containing rat E570-V686 swapped into chicken receptors displayed capsaicin sensitivity, and that simply changing the alanine at position 578 in the S4-S5 helix of the chicken receptor to a glutamic acid was sufficient to endow it with capsaicin sensitivity in the micromolar range. Moreover, introduction of lysine, glutamine or proline at residue A578 also elicited capsaicin sensitivity in cTRPV1. Similarly, replacing corresponding rTRPV1 residue E570 with lysine or glutamine retained capsaicin sensitivity. The hydrophilic capsaicin analog Cap-EA activated a cTRPV1-A578E mutant, suggesting that A578 may participate in vanilloid binding. The hydrophilic vanilloid agonist zingerone did not activate any A578 mutants with capsaicin sensitivity, suggesting that the vanilloid group alone is not sufficient for receptor activation. Our study demonstrates that a subtle modification of TRPV1 in different species globally alters capsaicin responses
Efecto del AMG9810 sobre el desarrollo folicular y la pubertad de la cobaya
“Las cĂ©lulas de la teca de los folĂculos ováricos expresan receptores TRPV1 y al administrar 1 o 10nM de capsaicina in situ los folĂculos atrĂ©sicos disminuyeron, mientras que con 1µM aumentĂł el nĂşmero de ellos. En esta tesis mostramos que cuando administramos en la bolsa ovárica 1nM, 10nM o 1µM de AMG9810, un antagonista de los receptores TRPV1, el nĂşmero de folĂculos atrĂ©sicos disminuyĂł y la edad de la primera apertura vaginal no se modificĂł, además con 1 nM de AMG9810, el nĂşmero de cĂ©lulas TRPV1-positvas aumentĂł en los folĂculos sanos y no cambiĂł con 10nM o 1µM del mismo antagonista. Estos resultados sugieren que el AMG9819 protege de la atresia folicular y que los receptores TRPV1 son reguladores locales que modulan el desarrollo de los folĂculos ováricos, pero no la edad para iniciar la pubertad de las cobayas.
Structural Insight into Tetrameric hTRPV1 from Homology Modeling, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Virtual Screening, and Bioassay Validations
The
transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a heat-activated
cation channel protein, which contributes to inflammation, acute and
persistent pain. Antagonists of human TRPV1 (hTRPV1) represent a novel
therapeutic approach for the treatment of pain. Developing various
antagonists of hTRPV1, however, has been hindered by the unavailability
of a 3D structure of hTRPV1. Recently, the 3D structures of rat TRPV1
(rTRPV1) in the presence and absence of ligand have been reported
as determined by cryo-EM. rTRPV1 shares 85.7% sequence identity with
hTRPV1. In the present work, we constructed and reported the 3D homology
tetramer model of hTRPV1 based on the cryo-EM structures of rTRPV1.
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, energy minimizations, and prescreen
were applied to select and validate the best model of hTRPV1. The
predicted binding pocket of hTRPV1 consists of two adjacent monomers
subunits, which were congruent with the experimental rTRPV1 data
and the cyro-EM structures of rTRPV1. The detailed interactions between
hTRPV1 and its antagonists or agonists were characterized by molecular
docking, which helped us to identify the important residues. Conformational
changes of hTRPV1 upon antagonist/agonist binding were also explored
by MD simulation. The different movements of compounds led to the
different conformational changes of monomers in hTRPV1, indicating
that TRPV1 works in a concerted way, resembling some other channel
proteins such as aquaporins. We observed that the selective filter
was open when hTRPV1 bound with an agonist during MD simulation. For
the lower gate of hTRPV1, we observed large similarities between hTRPV1
bound with antagonist and with agonist. A five-point pharmacophore
model based on several antagonists was established, and the structural
model was used to screen <i>in silico</i> for new antagonists
for hTRPV1. By using the 3D TRPV1 structural model above, the pilot <i>in silico</i> screening has begun to yield promising hits with
activity as hTRPV1 antagonists, several of which showed substantial
potency
CRC Platform: A Colorectal Cancer Domain-specific Chemogenomics Knowledgebase for Polypharmacology and Target Identification Research
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, causing more than 600,000 deaths worldwide annually. Due to the involvement of complicated signaling pathways, epigenetic changes and genetic/genomic alterations, it is still challenging to develop effective treatments to reverse CRC progression. In order to facilitate developing new drugs for CRC treatment and revealing the mechanisms of CRC drug action at molecular level, we have constructed a computational CRC Platform (http://www.cbligand.org/CRC/), a domain-specific chemogenomics knowledgebase.
The CRC platform consists of four database modules, e.g. 762 CRC related genes and proteins, 411 known CRC drugs and chemicals, 168383 CRC related bioassays, and 269 CRC pathways, as well as searching tools for multi-function retrieval. It is also featured with powerful cloud computation technologies and computational tools to expedite target identification, polypharmacology and drug synergy analysis for CRC research.
We have also demonstrated the application of the CRC platform in the case studies: (1) computational exploration of FDA-approved CRC drugs for polypharmacology and drug synergy analysis; (2) in silico target identification of small chemical molecules from natural products with anti-CRC bioactivity; and (3) target identification and experimental validation for our in-house compounds. CRC platform will not only enrich our knowledge of CRC target identification, polypharmacology analysis, and biomarkers investigation, but also enhance the CRC chemogenomics data sharing and information exchange globally, and assist new drug design discovery and development for CRC treatment