10,415 research outputs found
Structural integrity of power transformers
The subject of this thesis is to study the mechanical integrity and performance of insulation
materials used in power transformers under short circuit conditions. There are a number of
methods to calculate short circuit forces in the literature. These methods were developed to
determine the magnetic properties related to the short circuit condition and cannot be used
in the open circuit condition due to the assumption of infinitely permeable core. To this end,
a new solution strategy is introduced which is able to calculate magnetic properties of power
transformers both in open circuit and in short circuit conditions. A solution was derived
utilizing transform techniques and multiple connected permeable regions can now be
solved.
Mechanical failure modes of transformer winding are presented and new solution methods
are introduced for some failure modes. Dynamic representation of the transformer winding
is achieved by treating the winding turn by turn. Particular attention is given to stress
calculations of Continuously Transposed Cable (CTC) and resin bonded CTC.
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique maps the strain distribution on the test specimen
and the strain distribution can be extracted at any cross section of interest. 3âD DIC
technique is used to determine the response of transformerboard material under tensional
and bending loads and material properties are determined. It is also shown that the DIC
method provides much more accurate results compared to strain gauges due to its
manufacturing technique. DIC results are used to determine material properties related to
both tensional and bending type loading conditions. Resin laminate wood is also compared
to transformerboard.
Viscoelastic properties of transformerboard are examined. Because a short circuit event is
dynamic in nature, storage and loss modulus of transformerboard are determined as a
function of temperature and frequency under cyclic loading conditions. Conventional creep
test setups cannot be used for transformerboard. A test setup is designed to measure creep
curves of transformerboard. The test setup measures the creep curves both in oil and in air
and the displacements are recorded automatically. Tests are performed at a wide range of
temperatures encountered in real service conditions of transformerboard material. The developed method can be introduced in PC codes to determine the magnetic properties
related to the magnetic field. Also the method can be used to determine turn to turn or disc
to disc mutual inductances of a transformer. Electromagnetic forces calculated with the
introduced method are also more accurate than the methods developed earlier. Methods to
calculate mechanical stresses acting on transformer components are also reviewed and new
solution techniques for some failure modes are developed. Mechanical performance of
insulation materials under tension and bending type loadings are measured and monitored
using DIC technique. Finally, time dependent material properties of the transformerboard
under constant and cyclic loading conditions are determined.
Both analytical and experimental techniques are utilized to determine the material
properties of the transformer components and their behaviour under different loading
conditions. New solution techniques are developed and the material behaviour of the
insulation materials under different loading conditions is determined. With the data
obtained and solutions developed, mechanical stress calculations of the power transformer
components can be made more accurately
Impact of Embedded Carbon Fiber Heating Panel on the Structural/Mechanical Performance of Roadway Pavement
INE/AUTC 12.3
Integration and Conventional Systems at STAR
At the beginning of the design and construction of the STAR Detector, the
collaboration assigned a team of physicists and engineers the responsibility of
coordinating the construction of the detector. This group managed the general
space assignments for each sub-system and coordinated the assembly and planning
for the detector. Furthermore, as this group was the only STAR group with the
responsibility of looking at the system as a whole, the collaboration assigned
it several tasks that spanned the different sub-detectors. These items included
grounding, rack layout, cable distribution, electrical, power and water, and
safety systems. This paper describes these systems and their performance.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, Contribution to a NIM Volume Dedicated to the
Detectors and the Accelerator at RHI
Degradation of the compression strength of spacers made of high-density pressboard used in power transformers under the influence of thermal ageing
The structural components inside power transformers are commonly made of high-density pressboard, due to its suitable mechanical and dielectric properties. Among these components are the spacers used in the windings of transformers, which are subjected to compressive loading during operation. The spacers are immersed in dielectric liquid and subjected to high temperatures and chemical reactions during the lifespan of the transformer, which result in the degradation of their dielectric and mechanical properties. The performance and reliability of the power transformer greatly depends on its mechanical integrity, so it is necessary to understand how ageing degrades the mechanical response of the high-density pressboard. In this study, spacers made of high-density pressboard and pieces of copper conductor were immersed in uninhibited paraffinic oil and aged at 150 °C for different periods of time, trying to realistically represent the process suffered by a power transformer during its whole lifespan. The evolution caused by the thermal ageing over some chemical parameters (acidity and moisture content) and dielectric properties (AC breakdown voltage, dielectric dissipation factor, resistivity and degree of polymerisation) of the oil and the pressboard was studied experimentally. Compressive mechanical tests were performed on samples of the aged high-density pressboard, and the compressive stiffness during the ageing process was related with other chemical and dielectric parameters
Impact Assessment of Hypothesized Cyberattacks on Interconnected Bulk Power Systems
The first-ever Ukraine cyberattack on power grid has proven its devastation
by hacking into their critical cyber assets. With administrative privileges
accessing substation networks/local control centers, one intelligent way of
coordinated cyberattacks is to execute a series of disruptive switching
executions on multiple substations using compromised supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These actions can cause significant impacts
to an interconnected power grid. Unlike the previous power blackouts, such
high-impact initiating events can aggravate operating conditions, initiating
instability that may lead to system-wide cascading failure. A systemic
evaluation of "nightmare" scenarios is highly desirable for asset owners to
manage and prioritize the maintenance and investment in protecting their
cyberinfrastructure. This survey paper is a conceptual expansion of real-time
monitoring, anomaly detection, impact analyses, and mitigation (RAIM) framework
that emphasizes on the resulting impacts, both on steady-state and dynamic
aspects of power system stability. Hypothetically, we associate the
combinatorial analyses of steady state on substations/components outages and
dynamics of the sequential switching orders as part of the permutation. The
expanded framework includes (1) critical/noncritical combination verification,
(2) cascade confirmation, and (3) combination re-evaluation. This paper ends
with a discussion of the open issues for metrics and future design pertaining
the impact quantification of cyber-related contingencies
Consumer health protection and Information and Communication Technology
The environmental emergencies, the alimentary crisis, the increase of chronic illnesses, pushes the consumers to seek informative channels often also "virtual" as a reassurance for their own health, for the salubriousness of food and above all as a direct channel with the enterprises. For these last, then, it becomes fundamental to look at the information, to the virtual nets, and to the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) especially as powerful means of communication. Therefore, the work analyzes the role that the ICTs develop in the productive sector of âMozzarella di Bufala Campanaâ, a particularly important product for the economy of the Region but in crisis because installed in a context of environmental emergencies that have seriously compromise the trust of the consumer, worried about the implications for the health. Particularly, the work proposes a survey both on the dairies that on the consumers with the purpose to appraise the propensity of the first ones to use Internet in their own strategies of web marketing and the importance of such tool, for the seconds, in presence of a situation of alarm for the health.Health, consumer protection, food quality, Information and Communication Technologies., Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,
Power transformer under short-circuit fault conditions: A multiphysics approach
Transformersâ windings experience mechanical loads from electromagnetic forces due to the currents they carry.
During normal operation, the resulting stresses and strains have minor influence, therefore they do not represent the significant risk to the devicesâ integrity.
However, transformers can suffer from high sudden short-circuit currents that are several times higher than those during the normal operation. These short-circuit currents are a significant threat, not only from an electrical but also from the structural integrity point of view. In this paper, coupled electromagnetic and structural mechanics simulations are carried out to evaluate short-circuit fault risks in a comprehensive and accurate way
Power transformer under short-circuit fault conditions: A multiphysics approach
Transformersâ windings experience mechanical loads from electromagnetic forces due to the currents they carry.
During normal operation, the resulting stresses and strains have minor influence, therefore they do not represent the significant risk to the devicesâ integrity.
However, transformers can suffer from high sudden short-circuit currents that are several times higher than those during the normal operation. These short-circuit currents are a significant threat, not only from an electrical but also from the structural integrity point of view. In this paper, coupled electromagnetic and structural mechanics simulations are carried out to evaluate short-circuit fault risks in a comprehensive and accurate way
Structural health monitoring for wind turbine foundations
The construction of onshore wind turbines has rapidly been increasing as the UK attempts to meet its renewable energy targets. As the UKâs future energy depends more on wind farms, safety and security are critical to the success of this renewable energy source. Structural integrity of the tower and its components is a critical element of this security of supply. With the stochastic nature of the load regime a bespoke low cost structural health monitoring system is required to monitor integrity of the concrete foundation supporting the tower. This paper presents an assessment of âembedded canâ style foundation failure modes in large onshore wind turbines and proposes a novel condition based monitoring solution to aid in early warning of failure. The most common failure modes are discussed and a low-cost remote monitoring system is presented
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