Streptococcus mutans productores de mutacinas y su relacion con los recuentos totales de Streptococcus mutans en muestras de saliva.

32 p.Las mutacinas son pequeños polipéptidos antibacterianos producidos específicamente por Streptococcus mutans, capaces de inhibir a otros Streptococcus mutans. Se cree que la capacidad bacteriocinogénica de Streptococcus mutans puede jugar un papel preventivo en la proliferación del principal microorganismo involucrado en el proceso de caries. Con el objetivo de comprobar si la presencia de Streptococcus mutans productores de mutacinas se relaciona con bajos recuentos de Streptococcus mutans, se seleccionaron 80 pacientes de las Clínicas Odontológicas de la Universidad de Talca a los cuales se realizaron recuentos de Streptococcus mutans a partir de muestras de saliva y se determine en cada uno de ellos la ausencia o presencia de Streptococcus mutans mutacinogénicos. De acuerdo a los resultados se determinó que de los 80 pacientes, 31 de ellos (38.7%) presentaron recuentos bajos de Streptococcus mutans, es decir, con un nivel menor o igual a 250.000 ufc/ml de saliva. De ellos 25 (80.6%) presentaron Streptococcus mutans productores de mutacinas y 6 (19.3%) no presentaron. Por otro lado 23 pacientes (28.7%) presentaron recuentos altos de Streptococcus mutans (igual o superior a 1.000.000 ufc/ml). De ellos 6 (26.08%) presentaron Streptococcus mutans productores de mutacinas y 17 (73.9%) no presentaron. Las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas. (p= <_ 0.05) Estas observaciones apoyan la hipótesis de que individuos con presencia de Streptococcus mutans bacteriocinogénicos presentan bajos recuentos de Streptococcus mutans, lo cual nos permite pensar que las mutacinas pueden tener una acción terapéutica potencial frente a la caries

UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN SUKUN (Artocarpus altilis) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans

UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN SUKUN (Artocarpus altilis) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans   Sally Lestari Putri Bempa1), Fatimawali1), Wulan Geraldine Parengkuan1) 1)Program studi pendidikan dokter gigi Fakultas kedokteran UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is an Indonesian natural material which has been known only as fruits but have medicinal properties. Breadfruit leaves contains antibacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins. Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that causes dental caries. Dental caries is dental and oral health problems most often occured in Indonesia, an alternative way to cope with Streptococcus mutans by using breadfruit leaves. The purpose of this study to determine the inhibitory extract of leaves of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. This study is an experimental research design using post test only control group design with a modified method of Kirby-bauer used paperdisk. Leaves of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) was extracted by maceration method used ethanol 96%. Streptococcus mutans bacteria taken from the stock pure Microbiology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine Sam Ratulangi University in Manado. These results indicates that the average diameter of inhibitory zone breadfruit leaf extract against Streptococcus mutans of 16.5 mm. From this study it can be concluded that the breadfruit leaf extract has inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and categorized strong  according to the classification Davis and Stout. Keywords : Breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis), Streptococcus mutans , inhibition zone ABSTRAK Tanaman sukun (Artocarpus altilis) merupakan bahan alam Indonesia yang selama ini hanya dikenal sebagai buah buahan akan tetapi memiliki khasiat obat. Daun sukun mengandung senyawa yang bersifat antibakteri seperti flavonoid, tanin, saponin. Streptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri penyebab karies gigi. Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang paling sering terjadi di Indonesia, Cara alternatif untuk menanggulangi Streptococcus mutans yaitu dengan menggunakan daun sukun.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan desain post test only control grup design dengan metode modifikasi Kirby-bauer menggunakan kertas saring. Daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis) diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Samratulangi Manado. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa rata rata diameter zona hambat ekstrak daun sukun terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebesar 16,5 mm. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun sukun memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan termasuk dalam kategori kuat menurut penggolongan Davis dan Stout. Kata kunci : daun sukun ( Artocarpus altilis), Streptococcus mutans , zona hamba

Evaluating Streptococcus mutans strain dependent characteristics in a polymicrobial biofilm community

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate strain dependent differences of the cariogenic biofilm forming Streptococcus mutans within both simple and complex communities. Methods: A mono-species containing representative S. mutans clinical isolates (caries and non-caries), and a multispecies in vitro caries biofilm model containing Lactobacillus casei, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinomyces naeslundii, and either of two representative S. mutans clinical isolates (caries and non-caries), was developed as a comparison model. Compositional analysis of total and live bacteria within biofilms, and transcriptional analysis of biofilm associated virulence factors were evaluated by live/dead PCR and quantitative PCR, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the architecture of biofilm. One-way analysis of variance and t-tests were used to investigate significant differences between independent groups of data. Results: Within a mono-species biofilm, different S. mutans strains responded similarly to one another during biofilm formation in different carbohydrate sources, with sucrose showing the highest levels of biofilm biomass and galactose showing the lowest. Within the polymicrobial biofilm system, compositional analysis of the bacteria within the biofilm showed that S. mutans derived from a caries-free patient was preferentially composed of both total and viable L. casei, whereas S. mutans derived from a caries patient was dominated by both total and viable S. mutans (p &lt; 0.001). Normalized gene expression analysis of srtA, gtfB, ftf, spaP, gbpB, and luxS, showed a general upregulation within the S. mutans dominant biofilm. Conclusion: We were able to demonstrate that individual strains derived from different patients exhibited altered biofilm characteristics, which were not obvious within a simple mono-species biofilm model. Influencing the environmental conditions changed the composition and functionality S. mutans within the polymicrobial biofilm. The biofilm model described herein provides a novel and reproducible method of assessing the impact on the biofilm microbiome upon different environmental influences

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS PADA KUCING DOMESTIK (FELIS DOMESTICUS) SEBAGAI AGEN PENYEBAB KARIES GIGI

ABSTRAK Streptococcus mutans merupakan flora normal yang bersifat patogen oportunistik yang sangat berperan pada permulaan terjadinya karies gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri Streptococcus mutans pada karies gigi kucing domestik (Felis domesticus) dengan metode Carter. Sampel diambil dari kerokan gigi 10 ekor kucing yang mengalami karies gigi. Kerokan sampel dimasukkan ke dalam media Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) selanjutnya di kultur pada media selektif Trypticase Soy Sucrose Bacitracin (TYS20B). Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan mengamati morfologi bakteri, pewarnaan Gram dan uji biokimia. Berdasarkan 10 sampel kerokan karies gigi kucing yang diperiksa, 3 sampel dapat diisolasi dan diidentifikasi adanya Streptococcus mutans. Oleh sebab itu maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa 3 dari 10 sampel yang diperiksa (30%) dapat diisolasi dan diidentifikasi Streptococcus mutans sebagai agen penyebab karies gigi. Kata kunci: kerusakan gigi, kucing domestik, Streptococcus mutans ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans is a normal flora which is an opportunistic pathogen that plays a very important role in the onset of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify Streptococcus mutans bacteria in domestic cats dental caries (Felis domesticus) with the Carter method. Samples were taken from 10 cats dental caries scraped. Sample scrapings were put into Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) media then cultured on Trypticase Soy Sucrose Bacitracin (TYS20B) selective media. Bacterial identification is done by observing bacterial morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Based on 10 samples of examined cats caries, 3 samples could be isolated and identified Streptococcus mutans. Therefore it can be concluded that 3 of 10 samples examined (30%) can be isolated and identified Streptococcus mutans as causes agent of dental caries. Keywords: dental problems, domestic cats, Streptococcus mutan

The well-coordinated linkage between acidogenicity and aciduricity via insoluble glucans on the surface of Streptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans is considered the principal cariogenic bacterium for dental caries. Despite the recognition of their importance for cariogenesis, the possible coordination among S. mutans' main virulence factors, including glucan production, acidogenicity and aciduricity, has been less well studied. In the present study, using S. mutans strains with surface-displayed pH-sensitive pHluorin, we revealed sucrose availability- and Gtf functionality-dependent proton accumulation on S. mutans surface. Consistent with this, using a pH-sensitive dye, we demonstrated that both in vivo cell-produced and in vitro enzymatically synthesized insoluble glucans displayed proton-concentrating ability. Global transcriptomics revealed proton accumulation triggers the up-regulation of genes encoding functions involved in acid tolerance response in a glucan-dependent manner. Our data suggested that this proton enrichment around S. mutans could pre-condition the bacterium for acid-stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found S. mutans strains defective in glucan production were more acid sensitive. Our study revealed for the first time that insoluble glucans is likely an essential factor linking acidogenicity with aciduricity. The coordination of these key virulence factors could provide new insights on how S. mutans may have become a major cariogenic pathogen

Experiences with the Streptococcus mutans in Lakota Sioux (SMILeS) Study: Risk Factors for Caries in American Indian Children 0-3 Years

Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) is a terribly aggressive and devastating disease that is all too common in lower socio-economic children, but none more so that what is encountered in American Indian Tribes. Nationwide, approximately 27% of 2-5 year olds have decay while 62% percent of American Indian/Alaska Native children in the same age group have a history of decay (IHS 2010, NHANES 1999-2002). We have conducted a study of children from birth to 36 months of age on Pine Reservation to gain a better understanding of the variables that come into play in the development of this disease, from transmission and acquisition of Streptococcus mutans genotypes from mother to child to multiple dietary and behavioral components. This article describes how we established a direct partnership with the Tribe and the many opportunities and challenges we faced in performing this 5-year field study

Uji efek antibakteri ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae l.) terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans

Uji efek antibakteri ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae l.) terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans Susriyani Bontjura1), Olivia Amelia Waworuntu2), Krista Veronica Siagian1) 1)Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRAT 2)Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi  ABSTRACT      Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral health problems in Indonesia. The main bacterial cause of dental caries is Streptococcus mutans. Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.)  used as vegetables and often used as traditional medicine in Minahasa. Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) consisted of active compounds that function as an antibacterial. They are flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids. The aim of this study to determine the antibacterial effects of Leilem leaves extract (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) against Streptococcus mutans bacteria.This experimental study used post test only control group design with Kirby-bauer modification method used paper disk. The Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.)  were taken from Manado City and then they were extracted with maceration method using  ethanol 96% solution. Streptococcus mutans bacteria taken from a pure stock Microbiology Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sam Ratulangi University Manado. The result showed the average diameter of inhibition zone of leilem leaves extract against Streptococcus mutans bacteria was 6,20mm and smaller than the averge diameter of inhibition zone of antibiotic erythromycin. The conclusion are leilem leaves extract has an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans bacteria.  Key word: leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans    ABSTRAK Karies gigi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang paling menonjol di Indonesia. Bakteri utama penyebab karies gigi adalah bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) digunakan sebagai tanaman sayuran dan sering digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional di daerah Minahasa. Daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) mengandung senyawa aktif yang berfungsi sebagai antibakteri yaitu, flavonoid, fenol, steroid dan terpenoid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri  ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan desain post test only control group design dengan menggunakan metode modifikasi Kirby-bauer menggunakan kertas saring. Daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) diambil dari Kota Manado dan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa rata-rata diameter zona hambat ekstrak daun leilem terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebesar 6,20mm dan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan rata-rata diameter zona hambat antibiotik eritromisin. Kesimpulannya ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans.   Kata kunci: daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans Â

TEST OF RESISTANCE OF ALPUKAT (Persea americana mill) FRUIT EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF THE Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans  is one of the normal flora living in the oral cavity, but in excessive amounts is the main causative agent of dental caries. The active compounds of alkaloids, saponins and quinones in avocado pulp extract is an antibacterial alternative that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans  in the oral cavity. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory power that contain in avocado pulp against Streptococcus mutans . Materials and Methods: This study used 4 concentrations namely 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with each repetition 4 times. Avocado pulp extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Inhibition zone testing was carried out using the Kirby baurer method. Results and Discussions: The zone of inhibition was determined using the Kruskal wallis test, which showed that there were significant differences in various concentrations against the growth of Streptococcus mutans  bacteria. Avocado fruit pulp extract is able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans  bacteria because avocado fruit pulp extract has active compounds that cause antibacterial activity. Active compounds of avocado fruit flesh that are efficacious as antibacterials are alkaloids, saponins and quinones. Conclusion: Avocado pulp extract has been proven to have an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans  with an effective concentration level of 100%. Increasing the concentration of avocado pulp extract was also shown to affect the diameter of Streptococcus mutans  inhibition zon

Deficiency of RgpG causes major defects in cell division and biofilm formation, and deficiency of LytR-CpsAPsr family proteins leads to accumulation of cell wall antigens in culture medium by Streptococcus mutans

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans is known to possess rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (RGP), a major cell wall antigen. S. mutans strains deficient in rgpG , encoding the first enzyme of the RGP biosynthesis pathway, were constructed by allelic exchange. The rgpG deficiency had no effect on growth rate but caused major defects in cell division and altered cell morphology. Unlike the coccoid wild type, the rgpG mutant existed primarily in chains of swollen, “squarish” dividing cells. Deficiency of rgpG also causes significant reduction in biofilm formation ( P &lt; 0.01). Double and triple mutants with deficiency in brpA and/or psr , genes coding for the LytR-CpsA-Psr family proteins BrpA and Psr, which were previously shown to play important roles in cell envelope biogenesis, were constructed using the rgpG mutant. There were no major differences in growth rates between the wild-type strain and the rgpG brpA and rgpG psr double mutants, but the growth rate of the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant was reduced drastically ( P &lt; 0.001). Under transmission electron microscopy, both double mutants resembled the rgpG mutant, while the triple mutant existed as giant cells with multiple asymmetric septa. When analyzed by immunoblotting, the rgpG mutant displayed major reductions in cell wall antigens compared to the wild type, while little or no signal was detected with the double and triple mutants and the brpA and psr single mutants. These results suggest that RgpG in S. mutans plays a critical role in cell division and biofilm formation and that BrpA and Psr may be responsible for attachment of cell wall antigens to the cell envelope. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans , a major etiological agent of human dental caries, produces rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (RGP) as the major cell wall antigen. This study provides direct evidence that deficiency of RgpG, the first enzyme of the RGP biosynthesis pathway, caused major defects in cell division and morphology and reduced biofilm formation by S. mutans , indicative of a significant role of RGP in cell division and biofilm formation in S. mutans . These results are novel not only in S. mutans , but also other streptococci that produce RGP. This study also shows that the LytR-CpsA-Psr family proteins BrpA and Psr in S. mutans are involved in attachment of RGP and probably other cell wall glycopolymers to the peptidoglycan. In addition, the results also suggest that BrpA and Psr may play a direct role in cell division and biofilm formation in S. mutans . This study reveals new potential targets to develop anticaries therapeutics. </jats:p