476 research outputs found
History of art paintings through the lens of entropy and complexity
Art is the ultimate expression of human creativity that is deeply influenced
by the philosophy and culture of the corresponding historical epoch. The
quantitative analysis of art is therefore essential for better understanding
human cultural evolution. Here we present a large-scale quantitative analysis
of almost 140 thousand paintings, spanning nearly a millennium of art history.
Based on the local spatial patterns in the images of these paintings, we
estimate the permutation entropy and the statistical complexity of each
painting. These measures map the degree of visual order of artworks into a
scale of order-disorder and simplicity-complexity that locally reflects
qualitative categories proposed by art historians. The dynamical behavior of
these measures reveals a clear temporal evolution of art, marked by transitions
that agree with the main historical periods of art. Our research shows that
different artistic styles have a distinct average degree of entropy and
complexity, thus allowing a hierarchical organization and clustering of styles
according to these metrics. We have further verified that the identified groups
correspond well with the textual content used to qualitatively describe the
styles, and that the employed complexity-entropy measures can be used for an
effective classification of artworks.Comment: 10 two-column pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in PNAS
[supplementary information available at
http://www.pnas.org/highwire/filestream/824089/field_highwire_adjunct_files/0/pnas.1800083115.sapp.pdf
A precise bare simulation approach to the minimization of some distances. Foundations
In information theory -- as well as in the adjacent fields of statistics,
machine learning, artificial intelligence, signal processing and pattern
recognition -- many flexibilizations of the omnipresent Kullback-Leibler
information distance (relative entropy) and of the closely related Shannon
entropy have become frequently used tools. To tackle corresponding constrained
minimization (respectively maximization) problems by a newly developed
dimension-free bare (pure) simulation method, is the main goal of this paper.
Almost no assumptions (like convexity) on the set of constraints are needed,
within our discrete setup of arbitrary dimension, and our method is precise
(i.e., converges in the limit). As a side effect, we also derive an innovative
way of constructing new useful distances/divergences. To illustrate the core of
our approach, we present numerous examples. The potential for widespread
applicability is indicated, too; in particular, we deliver many recent
references for uses of the involved distances/divergences and entropies in
various different research fields (which may also serve as an interdisciplinary
interface)
Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic and Their Applications
The present book contains 20 articles collected from amongst the 53 total submitted manuscripts for the Special Issue âFuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Loigic and Their Applicationsâ of the MDPI journal Mathematics. The articles, which appear in the book in the series in which they were accepted, published in Volumes 7 (2019) and 8 (2020) of the journal, cover a wide range of topics connected to the theory and applications of fuzzy systems and their extensions and generalizations. This range includes, among others, management of the uncertainty in a fuzzy environment; fuzzy assessment methods of human-machine performance; fuzzy graphs; fuzzy topological and convergence spaces; bipolar fuzzy relations; type-2 fuzzy; and intuitionistic, interval-valued, complex, picture, and Pythagorean fuzzy sets, soft sets and algebras, etc. The applications presented are oriented to finance, fuzzy analytic hierarchy, green supply chain industries, smart health practice, and hotel selection. This wide range of topics makes the book interesting for all those working in the wider area of Fuzzy sets and systems and of fuzzy logic and for those who have the proper mathematical background who wish to become familiar with recent advances in fuzzy mathematics, which has entered to almost all sectors of human life and activity
New Directions for Contact Integrators
Contact integrators are a family of geometric numerical schemes which
guarantee the conservation of the contact structure. In this work we review the
construction of both the variational and Hamiltonian versions of these methods.
We illustrate some of the advantages of geometric integration in the
dissipative setting by focusing on models inspired by recent studies in
celestial mechanics and cosmology.Comment: To appear as Chapter 24 in GSI 2021, Springer LNCS 1282
Sticky Flavors
The Fr\'echet mean, a generalization to a metric space of the expectation of
a random variable in a vector space, can exhibit unexpected behavior for a wide
class of random variables. For instance, it can stick to a point (more
generally to a closed set) under resampling: sample stickiness. It can stick to
a point for topologically nearby distributions: topological stickiness, such as
total variation or Wasserstein stickiness. It can stick to a point for slight
but arbitrary perturbations: perturbation stickiness. Here, we explore these
and various other flavors of stickiness and their relationship in varying
scenarios, for instance on CAT() spaces, .
Interestingly, modulation stickiness (faster asymptotic rate than )
and directional stickiness (a generalization of moment stickiness from the
literature) allow for the development of new statistical methods building on an
asymptotic fluctuation, where, due to stickiness, the mean itself features no
asymptotic fluctuation. Also, we rule out sticky flavors on manifolds in
scenarios with curvature bounds
An exploratory analysis of large health cohort study using Bayesian networks
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-98).Large health cohort studies are among the most effective ways in studying the causes, treatments and outcomes of diseases by systematically collecting a wide range of data over long periods. The wealth of data in such studies may yield important results in addition to the already numerous findings, especially when subjected to newer analytical methods. Bayesian Networks (BN) provide a relatively new method of representing uncertain relationships among variables, using the tools of probability and graph theory, and have been widely used in analyzing dependencies and the interplay between variables. We used BN to perform an exploratory analysis on a rich collection of data from one large health cohort study, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), with the focus on breast cancer. We explored the data from the NHS using BN to look for breast cancer risk factors, including a group of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP). We found no association between the SNPs and breast cancer, but found a dependency between clomid and breast cancer. We evaluated clomid as a potential riskfactor after matching on age and number of children. Our results showed for clomid an increased risk of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (odds ratio 1.52, 95% CI 1.11-2.09) and a decreased risk of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer (odds ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.97).(cont.) We developed breast cancer risk models using BN. We trained models on 75% of the data, and evaluated them on the remaining. Because of the clinical importance of predicting risks for Estrogen Receptor positive and Progesterone Receptor positive breast cancer, we focused on this specific type of breast cancer to predict two-year, four-year, and six-year risks. The concordance statistics of the prediction results on test sets are 0.70 (95% CI: 0.67-0.74), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.64-0.72), and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62-0.69) for two, four, and six year models, respectively. We also evaluated the calibration performance of the models, and applied a filter to the output to improve the linear relationship between predicted and observed risks using Agglomerative Information Bottleneck clustering without sacrificing much discrimination performance.by Delin Shen.Ph.D
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