Divorcing Husbands as a Solution to Protect Women’s Dignity: A Case Study of Domestic Violence at Madura Religious Court

This present study is concerned with the domestic violence settlements in divorce cases at religious courts. The study aimed to investigate the underlying reasons behind filing a divorce to religious courts, the women’s position in the trial process, and the women’s access to justice, as well as the women’s acceptance of the decisions of domestic violence cases. This case study collected the primary data through documents and interviews. The documents were court decisions concerning domestic violence, and the interviewees consisted of judges and domestic violence victims. The findings of the study found that resolving domestic violence through a judicial divorce in a religious court has been more practical and less complicated, which only involves limited parties, with an aim to preserve the family’s reputation (marwah) and children’s psychology. Further, women have the same legal standing as their husbands during the trial process, but this does not guarantee post-divorce justice because the husbands rarely attend court hearings (i.e., verstek decision). Women, the victims of domestic violence who resolve the violence through a divorce, accept the decision of the panel of judges even though the judges only grant the primary lawsuit to terminate the marriage bond. For these women, the decision is seen as a solution that can break the chain of violence and tyrannical behavior of their husbands. The urge to be immediately free of the snares of violence causes them to overlook the various risks of divorce, such as becoming widows and bearing all of the obligations that are not theirs, e.g., caring for and fulfilling all of their children’s needs on their own

Contextualization of El Salvador’s Need for a Powerful Executive: A Lockean Analysis of Nayib Bukele\u27s Approach to Public Security in a Historical, Political, and Social Synthesis

For most of the three decades that have presided over the Salvadoran Civil War, El Salvador has been a state tormented by high levels of crime, especially the country\u27s homicide rate, a product of the strong presence of criminal organizations such as MS-13 and 18th Street Gang. The current president of El Salvador, Nayib Bukele, who took office in 2019, has declared war on gangs under a state of emergency where the human rights of suspected criminals are violated, particularly their due process guarantees. This has caused Bukele’s government to draw strong condemnation and criticism from foreign governments and human rights organizations. This thesis argues that the actions of the current Salvadoran government, and the high levels of acceptance by the population, can be understood under a historical, political, and social synthesis in the Salvadoran post-Civil War era. Similarly, John Locke’s theory of executive prerogative and the right to life are used in this thesis to understand the current attributions that the executive branch has taken in El Salvador to decrease homicide rates and to understand the role of the president in protecting the rights of civilians when other government institutions are incapable of protecting such right

Remains in Peace: American Military Remains and Memory Diplomacy in France, 1918-1972

Although often not viewed as such, a nation\u27s collective memory has use in international relations. The United States left some one-hundred thousand military remains interred in European soil following World War I and World War II, the majority of these in France. Instead of resting in a symbolic void, the memory of American military dead abroad became a means for the living to articulate contemporary foreign policy goals. Elements of the American war memory abroad remained consistent through the twentieth century: sacrifice for a free Europe, fear of radicalized revolutions, and Franco-American friendship. Yet, beneath the formulaic memory lingered evolving motives for remembering. The memory also reflected both American and French domestic politics. Memories of military remains became safe ground for Americans and French to engage with each other in times of peace and conflict. Thus, analysis of the evolving memory assigned to American military bodies abroad helps inform broader diplomatic strategies. In the absence of U.S. military abroad following WWI, the United States strategically chose locations to leave a military presence abroad through war remains. The bodies signified a commitment to Western Europe and the similar ideals of the American and French Revolutions. Following WWII, the memory of aspiring power was replaced by a memory of real power. Through the Cold War, the tone of America\u27s war memories in France changed as French perceptions of U.S. power altered

Analysing United States foreign policy towards the Middle East 1993-2003 : origins and grand strategies

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