Modeling and Dynamic performance of Energy Storage -Rotary Series Elastic Actuator for Lumbar Support Exoskeleton

The assistive exoskeletons are rapidly being developed to collaborate with humans, and the demand for the safety of human-robot interaction has become more crucial. Series elastic actuators (SEAs) have recently been developed in various fields for a variety of possible advantages, such as providing a safe human-robot interaction, reducing the impacts’ effects, and increasing energy efficiency. However, achieving the good dynamic performances of SEAs is still challenging, especially fulfilling the high bandwidth with good compliance. In this rapidly growing research field, the actuation system involving the storage device combined with the rotary series elastic actuator (ES-RSEA) is being investigated to exploit the biomechanical energy while maintaining compliance features. In this article, the modeling and control design of the energy storage rotary series elastic actuator (ES-RSEA) for the lumbar support exoskeleton is proposed, and its dynamic performances are analyzed. The ES-RSEA was designed based on storing the kinetic energy during the lifting tasks and generating assistive torque while maintaining excellent compliant characteristics. The dynamic performances and characteristics of ES-RSEA are presented in terms of force sensitivity, level of compliance, transmission ratio, and bandwidth. Simulation studies indicate that the actuator can provide excellent dynamic performance through its high bandwidth (12.44 Hz) and high force sensitivity. At the same time, it shows excellent compliance and good torque transmissibility in the low-frequency range. A PID controller can achieve high torque tracking performance and good dynamic response with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of 0.1 N.m. This article demonstrates the excellent performance and characteristics of ES-RSEA to guarantee compliance and high response to prevent injury of undesired human movements

Studio dell'interazione tra Sistema Muscoloscheletrico Umano e Dispositivi di Assistenza Robotici

In the latest years, robotic technologies have been increasingly introduced in rehabilitation with the main purpose of reducing the costs and speeding up the recovery process of patients. However, most of the commercial devices impose a pre-programmed trajectory to the limbs of the patients, who therefore behave in a passive way. Another current major limitation is the inability to accurately evaluate the dynamics of the interaction between the patient and the robotic device. This interaction plays a central role in the mutual modulation of human and robot system behavior with respect of their standalone behavior. In particular, the prediction of the interaction can provide useful information to better design the exoskeleton as well as the rehabilitation treatment. This thesis presents my proposed solution for the development of a simulator able to dynamically simulate at the same time the actuated robot device, the human body, and their emerging physical interaction during the movement cooperation. The main idea behind this solution is to decompose the main system in different levels. I called the proposed solution Multi-Level modeling approach, which is the main topic of this thesis. I proposed the following decomposition: Human, Robot, and Boundary Level. The levels are integrated into a whole system in which each of them addresses specific challenges. The Human Level represents the subject who is wearing, for example, an exoskeleton for the lower limbs. To reach a symbiotic collaboration between the subject and the exoskeleton, the proposed approach has to include the subject's intentions and efforts. Moreover, user's internal transformations provide important information about the internal dynamic parameters modulation due to the external device. The Robot Level consists of the wearable robot system which supports the movements. Our proposed approach includes models of both device mechanics and control strategies. This allows to test different control strategies and find the one that better fits each specific patient's needs and characteristics. The last level is the Boundary Level, which has the main objective to model the human-robot mechanical power transfer, including also the non-idealities (such as dissipative forces), in order to accurately estimate interactions. Challenges emerged during the development of the simulator system were faced, investigating different solutions, and selecting and validating the most promising one. First, I selected a common software platform, able to simultaneously reproduce the dynamic behavior of the three levels. The common software platform allows to build a quite flexible system where different solution could be evaluated simply modifying model parameters. Among different available software, OpenSim was selected because it is well known and used for the dynamic study of human movement. Although OpenSim was well tested in biomechanics, it required a further evaluation as simulator for Robot and Boudary Levels. Performed tests and their motivations are reported in this work. Human internal dynamics parameters are modulated by the influence of the external device. I proposed to monitor this variation, taking into consideration the neural drive sent to the muscles. This can be done by measuring the muscles' electromyographic (EMG) signals, which are the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when they are activated, prior to muscle contraction. These signals can be used as input for a physiologically accurate human musculoskeletal model, to calculate the subject contribution to the movement. As the relation between EMGs and the generated muscle forces and joint moments is not linear, the neuromusculoskeletal model is indeed needed to replicate step-by-step all the internal transformations which occur from the excitation of the muscle to the joint movement. Estimation of the emerging interaction, during the human-robot cooperation, can be performed through an interaction model which is basically a set of contact models. Due to the specific rehabilitation purpose of our work, this contact model needs special attention. I introduced and validated a procedure to calibrate the contact models to improve the accuracy of the estimated interaction forces. One of the problems of using EMG signals is that, in order to acquire them in a non-invasive way, surface electrodes must be used; however, this means that the collected data quality is quite susceptible to the electrodes placements and decay, and to electric and magnetic interferences. In many contexts, such as home rehabilitation, this could be a limitation. An alternative solution to avoid the direct EMG measurement is presented in this work. The idea is that for some repetitive tasks, which are most interesting for rehabilitation, it is possible to substitute the direct data collection with a subject specific model of EMGs. The objective of this work is to provide an effective approach to estimate the emerging interaction during the human-robot movement cooperation. The Multi-Level Modeling approach, presented in this thesis, decomposes this complex problem allowing to find all the required components to realize a whole system able to reach this objective

A Study on Active/Passive Pneumatic Actuators for Assistive Systems

The need for intelligent assistive devices is growing. Due to advances in medicine, people are living longer and able to recover from severe neurological incidents, resulting in an increased population with neuromuscular weakness. In workplaces such as assembly lines, there is a high possibility of work-related fatigue or injury, such as when workers squat down or lift their arms during their work tasks. Assistive devices could help remedy loss of strength on their extremities as well as keep the work environment safe and productive, allowing these growing segments of the population in need of the devices to live more self-sufficient, productive, and higher-quality lives.In the design of assistive systems, an important design goal is prolonged operational time, which requires the minimum usage of energy. Energy consumption can be reduced by modifying the mechanical characteristics of assistive systems according to the dynamic characteristics of the human body, which vary considerably between tasks. This dissertation investigates 1) the design of actuators with adjustable mechanical impedance, 2) control strategies to search for, and adjust to, a suitable mechanical impedance for assistance and 3) sensing technologies for classifying the tasks in which the human engages.The first part of this dissertation characterizes a pneumatic variable stiffness actuator named an Active/Passive Pneumatic Actuator (AP2A). The actuator consists of an air cylinder and an array of solenoid valves. These valves and the corresponding switching algorithms tune the chamber pressures and make the AP2A function as a mechanical spring with desired stiffness. The actuator has a low mechanical impedance compared to geared motors, which enables it to achieve efficient interaction. Control strategies of an assistive system with the AP2A are discussed in the second part. This control framework utilizes the characteristics of the AP2A to provide assistance when necessary and to operate transparently (i.e., neither to assist nor to disturb the users) otherwise. Energy consumed by the AP2A and the assisted system is minimized by solving an optimal control problem. Finally, an estimator is introduced to detect assistive timing for the assistive system with the AP2A. This estimator utilizes physiological signals such as surface electromyogram and prior knowledge of a muscular model, classifying if the user is under the specified condition to be assisted by the AP2A. It demonstrates that the user's effort can be saved, also reducing the number of procedures to collect training data for the estimator before using assistive systems. The performance of the actuator, the controller, and the estimator proposed in this dissertation are verified through experiments.From the above, this dissertation contributes to developing the AP2A that provides assistance and saves energy usage of assistive systems by working as a mechanical spring with stiffness optimized for achieving effective interaction under specific conditions. This actuator supports assistive devices that can be deployed in the real world, properly assisting the users when needed

The Future of Humanoid Robots

This book provides state of the art scientific and engineering research findings and developments in the field of humanoid robotics and its applications. It is expected that humanoids will change the way we interact with machines, and will have the ability to blend perfectly into an environment already designed for humans. The book contains chapters that aim to discover the future abilities of humanoid robots by presenting a variety of integrated research in various scientific and engineering fields, such as locomotion, perception, adaptive behavior, human-robot interaction, neuroscience and machine learning. The book is designed to be accessible and practical, with an emphasis on useful information to those working in the fields of robotics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, computational methods and other fields of science directly or indirectly related to the development and usage of future humanoid robots. The editor of the book has extensive R&D experience, patents, and publications in the area of humanoid robotics, and his experience is reflected in editing the content of the book

System Identification of Bipedal Locomotion in Robots and Humans

The ability to perform a healthy walking gait can be altered in numerous cases due to gait disorder related pathologies. The latter could lead to partial or complete mobility loss, which affects the patients’ quality of life. Wearable exoskeletons and active prosthetics have been considered as a key component to remedy this mobility loss. The control of such devices knows numerous challenges that are yet to be addressed. As opposed to fixed trajectories control, real-time adaptive reference generation control is likely to provide the wearer with more intent control over the powered device. We propose a novel gait pattern generator for the control of such devices, taking advantage of the inter-joint coordination in the human gait. Our proposed method puts the user in the control loop as it maps the motion of healthy limbs to that of the affected one. To design such control strategy, it is critical to understand the dynamics behind bipedal walking. We begin by studying the simple compass gait walker. We examine the well-known Virtual Constraints method of controlling bipedal robots in the image of the compass gait. In addition, we provide both the mechanical and control design of an affordable research platform for bipedal dynamic walking. We then extend the concept of virtual constraints to human locomotion, where we investigate the accuracy of predicting lower limb joints angular position and velocity from the motion of the other limbs. Data from nine healthy subjects performing specific locomotion tasks were collected and are made available online. A successful prediction of the hip, knee, and ankle joints was achieved in different scenarios. It was also found that the motion of the cane alone has sufficient information to help predict good trajectories for the lower limb in stairs ascent. Better estimates were obtained using additional information from arm joints. We also explored the prediction of knee and ankle trajectories from the motion of the hip joints