Karakterisasi Staphylococcus Aureus Isolat Susu Sapi Perah Berdasar Keberadaan Protein-A Pada Media Serum Soft Agar Terhadap Aktivitas Fagositosis Secara in Vitro

Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu bakteri penyebab utama mastitis. Protein-A berperan penting dalam adesi dan kolonisasi bakteri pada sel inang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan aktivitas fagositosis S. aureus berdasarkan keberadaan protein-A pada media serum soft agar. Sebanyak 19 isolat S. aureus susu sapi perah asal Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah digunakan pada penelitian ini. Seluruh isolat tersebut direidentifikasi dengan dipupuk pada media plat agar darah (PAD), koloni bakteri kemudian diidentifikasi dengan pewarnaan Gram, uji mannitol salt agar (MSA), katalase dan uji koagulase. Karakterisasi S.aureusdilakukan dengan menanam bakteri pada media serum soft agar (SSA) yang mengandung serum kelinci untuk mengetahui keberadaan protein-A, kemudian dilakukan uji fagositosis dengan menggunakan sel polimorfonuklear. Dari 19 isolat tersebut seluruhnya teridentifikasi sebagai S. aureus yang ditunjukkan dengan Gram positif, sel berbentuk kokus bergerombol, mampu memfermentasi manitol pada media MSA, positif pada uji katalase, 15,79% sampel menunjukkan hasil koagulase negatif, sedangkan 84,21% menunjukkan hasil koagulase positif. Pertumbuhan pada media SSA menunjukkan hasil 12 isolat (63,16%) koloni berbentukkompak dan 7 isolat (36,84%) koloni berbentuk difus. Koloni kompak menunjukkan bakteri tersebut memiliki protein-A, koloni difus menunjukkan bakteri tersebut tidak memiliki protein-A atau memiliki protein-A tetapi tertutup oleh kapsul. Hasil uji fagositosis menunjukkan S. aureus yang memiliki protein-A lebih sedikit difagosit oleh leukosit polimorfonuklear (2,99 bakteri/sel) dari pada S. aureus yang tidak memiliki protein-A, atau mempunyai protein-A tetapi tertutup oleh kapsul (3,85 bakteri/sel). Staphylococcus aureus yang memiliki protein-A lebih patogen daripada S. aureus yang tidak memiliki protein-A. Isolat S. aureus asal Jawa Tengah lebih virulen dibandingkan isolat S. aureus asal Jawa Barat ditinjau dari sifat hemolisis, koagulase, dan protein-A

Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus From The Diabetic Ulcer

Infections of diabetic ulcers may occur because patients with diabetes mellitus have a weak immune system and the presence of high blood sugar into a strategic place for bacterial growth one of them is Staphylococcus aureus. Increased resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various antibiotics, causing problems for the treatment of this infection. As by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) This study aims to assess the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at diabetic ulcer patient at Banjarmasin city hospital. This research uses descriptive observational research type. The study sample was patients with grade 2 and three diabetic ulcers with a total of 30 samples. The result of the research found 14 Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis nine, Staphylococcus saprophyticus two and 5 Gram-negative bacteria. Of the 14 samples of Staphylococcus aureus, there were eight samples of cefoxitin-resistant samples. The conclusion was 47% of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with a diabetic ulcer at Banjarmasin City Hospital. There was a 57% Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the isolated Staphylococcus aureus found. Need further research on the resistance of antibiotics oxacillin and cefoxitin to other Staphylococcus sp bacteria derived from patient diabetic ulcers

HUBUNGAN HIGIENE DAN SANITASI PEMERAHAN TERHADAP KEBERADAAN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PADA SUSU SAPI PERAH PENDERITA MASTITIS SUBKLINIS (STUDI DI PETERNAKAN SAPI PERAH DESA SRUNI KECAMATAN MUSUK KABUPATEN BOYOLALI)

Mastitis berjangkit pada sapi melalui kuman yang masuk dalam ambing, berkembangbiak dan memproduksi toksin dalam jaringan ambing. Sebagian besar mastitis subklinis disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. keberadaan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada ambing dan susu sapi disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti kebersihan sapi, higiene pemerah, sanitasi peralatan dan sanitasi kandang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan higiene dan sanitasi pemerahan terhadap keberadaan Staphylococcus aureus pada susu sapi perah penderita mastitis subklinis. jenis penelitian ini adalah explanatory research dengan metode cross sectional. penelitian dilakukan di Desa Sruni Kecamatan Musuk Kabupaten Boyolali dengan jumlah populasi 80 responden dan jumlah sampel 62 responden. Analisis data dengan uji chi square. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 87,2% kebersihan sapi tidak baik, 89,4% higiene pemerah tidak baik, 93,6% sanitasi peralatan pemerah tidak baik dan 48,9% sanitasi kandang tidak baik. jumlah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang tidak memenuhi syarat 93,6%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan ada hubungan kebersihan sapi dengan jumlah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, ada hubungan higiene pemerah dengan jumlah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, ada hubungan sanitasi peralatan dengan jumlah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, tidak ada hubungan sanitasi kandang dengan jumlah bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Kata Kunci: Higiene, Sanitasi, Pemerahan, Staphylococcus aureus, Mastitis Subklini

Karakterisasi Faktor-faktor Virulensi Staphylococcus Aureus Asal Susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa Secara Fenotip Dan Genotip

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in large or small ruminants, and often manifested by subclinical mastitis in Peranakan Ettawa (PE) goats. Staphylococcus aureus in human can cause food borne disease. The research aimed to characterize the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk PE goats, phenotypic- and genotypically. Phenotypically characterization were determined through the pigmen assay as well as hydrophobicity, haemolysin, and hemaglutinin reaction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to detect 4 virulen genes including coa, clf, fnbA, and fnbB genes. The results of research showed that Staphylococcus aureus abled to produce white pigmen (35,7%), yellow pigmen g (57,1%), andorange pigmen (7,2%). Staphylococcus aureus showed α-hemolysis zone (35,7%), β-hemolysis (35,7%), dan γ-hemolysis (28,9%). Hydrophobicytic test revealed 14,3% Staphylococcus aureus isolates were hydrophobe and85,7% hydrophil. Staphylococcus aureus (85,7%) isolates abled to aglutinated sheep blood cells. Based on genotypic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus could be detected coa gene (92,8%), clf gene (64,3%), fnbA gene (78,6%), and fnbB gene (64,3%). Based on the phenotypic and genotypic characters, it can be concluded that Staphylococcus aureus are virulent strains. This information can be used as the basis for control mastitis in PE goat

ISOLASI, IDENTIFIKASI, DAN UJI SENSITIVITAS Staphylococcus aureus DARI PUS PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM SURAKARTA TERHADAP BEBERAPA ANTIBIOTIK

Penyakit infeksi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Kurniawan tahun 2004 terhadap pola kuman dari infeksi luka paska tindakan bedah didapatkan hasil bahwa sebagian besar adalah kuman Gram positif 87,5%, 33,33% terdiri dari Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus adalah penyebab tersering infeksi piogenik (pembentuk nanah). Infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Staphylococcus aureus biasanya memerlukan terapi antibiotik, antibiotik yang sering digunakan adalah penisilin. Namun, penelitian pada tahun 2005 menunjukan bahwa 80% Staphylococcus aureus resisten terhadap penisilin. Penelitian ini bertujan untuk mengetahui sensitivitas Staphylococcus aureus yang diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari pus pasien di Rumah Sakit Islam Surakarta terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengisolasi Staphylococcus aureus dari biakan pus pasien di Rumah Sakit Islam Surakarta menggunakan media transport Amies dan media isolasi agar darah. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan cara pengecatan Gram, uji manitol dan uji koagulase. Sedangkan uji sensitivitas bakteri menggunakan metode difusi Kirby Bauer dengan menggunakan disk antibiotik imipenem, siprofloksasin, gentamisin, sefotaksim, dan oksasilin. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil isolat Staphylococcus aureus sebanyak 20 isolat. Hasil identifikasi didapatkan isolat Staphylococcus aureus memberikan hasil pengecatan Gram positif (berwarna ungu), memfermentasi manitol, dan koagulase positif. Persentase sensitivitas Staphylococcus aureus terhadap antibiotik imipenem adalah 85%, gentamisin 70%, siprofloksasin 70%, sefotaksim 30%, dan oksasilin 20%

Accessory gene regulator types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Gorgan, North of Iran

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that has remained a persistent pathogen, causing infections such as endocarditis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome in humans. The accessory gene regulator (agr) system of Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for controlling the expression of many genes that code for virulence factors. In this study, we assessed the S.aureus agr Group, based on their source of isolation, in Gorgan, North of Iran. Materials and Methods: DNA of 194 S. aureus isolates was extracted by lysozyme-phenol chloroform method, which included 85 clinical samples, 58 samples which were isolated from noses of health care workers and 51 cases which were obtained from food products in Gorgan, northern Iran. PCR-based assays were used to evaluate agr locus nucleotide polymorphism for the identification of agr specificity Group. Distributions of each agr Group were determined and comparison between different sources was assessed by X2. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The majority of isolates belonged to agr Group I (43.3%), followed by agr Group III (28.87%), agr Group II (22.68%), and agr Group IV (5.15%). In our study, a majority of S. aureus isolates were recovered from health care workers and food product specimens were of agr Group I and isolates which were recovered from patients were of agr Group III. These differences were statistically significant (P=0.005). There was no statistical difference between the source of isolation of clinical samples of S.aureus and agr type. Conclusion: Agr Group I was predominant among health care workers and food product specimens in Gorgan, North of Iran, but in strains which were isolated from patients, agr Group III was predominant. Investigating the possible role of agr Group III in Staphylococcus aureus infection in future studies is recommended

Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis: pivotal role or bit part actor?

Purpose of review: describe why this review is timely and relevant. The cystic fibrosis lung has long been appreciated as a competitive niche for complex interactions between bacterial species. The individual relationships between effects on the host, and thereafter clinical outcomes, has been poorly understood. We aim to describe the role of Staphyloccus aureus, one of the most commonly encountered bacteria cultured from the respiratory tracts of people with CF, and it’s complex interplay with other organisms, with particular attention to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent findings: describe the main themes in the literature covered by the article. We describe the challenges posed in understanding the role that S. aureus plays in the CF lung, including the difficulties in interpreting culture results depending upon sampling technique, relationships with P. aeruginosa and the rest of the microbiome, as well as discussing the relative merits and potential harms of antibiotic prophylaxis. Finally, we describe the particular challenge of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Summary: describe the implications of the findings for clinical practice or research. We describe research underway that will address the long-held contentious issues of antibiotic prophylaxis. We also describe the emerging research interest in determining whether, at differences phases in the evolution of CF airways infection, S. aureus infection can have both harmful and protective effects for the host

Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus infections to consider in designing an effective vaccine.

_Staphylococcus aureus_ is a very versatile and adaptable microorganism. It can potentially infect virtually any host tissue. Given the appropriate conditions it can become a life-threatening pathogen, or a commensal colonizer of the nose. Extensive antibiotic use for infection control facilitated the rise of antibiotic resistance, stressing the need for alternate forms of control. Vaccine efforts in other pathogens have proved successful, but so far _S. aureus_ candidate vaccines have not been as effective. Here we review _S. aureus_ factors involved in pathogenesis that could help develop a successful vaccine, like host nasal colonization and immune evasion factors. An effective multicomponent vaccine could incorporate antigenic fragments from several _S. aureus_ proteins, preferably involved in colonization, immune evasion and/or toxicity

Prevalence of Vancomycin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Abstract: Background & Aims: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens in nosocomial infections. Vancomycin is the most important therapeutic drug of choice for treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Therefore, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) or vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains are warnings for the medical community. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nose of patients hospitalized in Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: In the present study, 85 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from patients in Imam Reza Hospital and evaluated for vancomycin resistance with microdilution test, Epsilometer test (E-test), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: None of the strains were completely resistant to vancomycin; however, 39 strains (45.9%) were diagnosed as hetero-VRSA (hVISA) strains. Conclusion: VISA and VRSA strains were not observed in this study which is a promising finding in the treatment of clinical infections due to Staphylococcus aureus in our society. However, in our study, the prevalence of hVISA strain was 45.9%, which is perhaps a sign of the appearance of more resistant strains (VISA and VRSA) in our country in the future. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin, Nose, Methicillin, Hetero-vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA