14,707 research outputs found
An ultrahigh-vacuum cryostat for simultaneous scanning tunneling microscopy and magneto-transport measurements down to 400mK
We present the design and calibration measurements of a scanning tunneling
microscope setup in a 3He ultrahigh-vacuum cryostat operating at 400 mK with a
hold time of 10 days. With 2.70 m in height and 4.70 m free space needed for
assembly, the cryostat fits in a one-story lab building. The microscope
features optical access, an xy table, in situ tip and sample exchange, and
enough contacts to facilitate atomic force microscopy in tuning fork operation
and simultaneous magneto-transport measurements on the sample. Hence, it
enables scanning tunneling spectroscopy on microstructured samples which are
tuned into preselected transport regimes. A superconducting magnet provides a
perpendicular field of up to 14 T. The vertical noise of the scanning tunneling
microscope amounts to 1 pmrms within a 700 Hz bandwidth. Tunneling spectroscopy
using one superconducting electrode revealed an energy resolution of 120 mueV.
Data on tip-sample Josephson contacts yield an even smaller feature size of 60
mueV, implying that the system operates close to the physical noise limit.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure
Design and calibration of a vacuum compatible scanning tunneling microscope
A vacuum compatible scanning tunneling microscope was designed and built, capable of imaging solid surfaces with atomic resolution. The single piezoelectric tube design is compact, and makes use of sample mounting stubs standard to a commercially available surface analysis system. Image collection and display is computer controlled, allowing storage of images for further analysis. Calibration results from atomic scale images are presented
Infrared light emission from atomic point contacts
Gold atomic point contacts are prototype systems to evidence ballistic
electron transport. The typical dimension of the nanojunction being smaller
than the electron-phonon interaction length, even at room temperature,
electrons transfer their excess energy to the lattice only far from the
contact. At the contact however, favored by huge current densities,
electron-electron interactions result in a nano hot electron gas acting as a
source of photons. Using a home built Mechanically Controlled Break Junction,
it is reported here, for the first time, that this hot electron gas also
radiates in the infrared range (0.2eV to 1.2eV). Moreover, in agreement with
the pioneering work of Tomchuk, we show that this radiation is compatible with
a blackbody like spectrum emitted from an electron gas at temperatures of
several thousands of Kelvin given by where ,
and are respectively a fitting parameter, the current flowing and the
applied bias.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure
STM study of self-assembled phthalocyanine derivatives and their hosting properties
Molecular self-assembly, as a most studied case of self-assembly, is one of the few practical strategies for making ensembles of nano- and micro structures. As an essential aspect of the “bottom-up” approach, it is attractive for both scientific research and technological applications. Therefore a detailed understanding of the molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions involved in the self-assembly process is of great interest.
In the first part of the thesis, the influence of the phenoxy substituents on the self-assembly of Pcs on (111)-oriented noble metal surfaces is described. The rotational degrees of freedom, characteristic for these substituents enable the formation of various stable and transient phases and allow the substituents to be arranged above the plane of the Pc core, forming a bowl-like structure, which in turn enables the interaction of the Pc core with the metal substrate. The proximity of the Pc core to the metal substrate together with the steric entanglement between neighboring substituents causes significant retardation of the thermodynamic optimization of the conformations. This accounts for the coexistence of some of the phases.
In the second part, the influence of replacing two adjacent phenoxy substituents by a rigid tetraazatriphenylene substituent on the self-assembly of Pcs is analyzed and compared to the self-assembly of the above mentioned phenoxy substituted Pcs. The rigid substituent enhances the rotational degrees of freedom of the neighboring phenoxy substituents, hence facilitates their conformational optimization. As a result, novel interactions between the Pc derivatives are enabled and the formation of ordered phases with higher surface densities compared to the previous study is observed.
In the third part, the hosting properties of a close-packed layer of phenoxy substituted Pc derivatives adsorbed on Ag(111) are investigated for the adsorption of C60 molecules. The C60 molecules bind to two clearly distinguishable sites, either to the underlying metal substrate in between two adjacent Pc derivatives or to the core of a Pc derivative. In the first case, the C60 exhibit morphologic and electronic properties analogous to those of a C60 adsorbed on clean Ag(111), whereas in the second case the electronic properties indicate a strong interaction between C60 and the phthalocyanine core
A scanning gate microscope for cold atomic gases
We present a scanning probe microscopy technique for spatially resolving
transport in cold atomic gases, in close analogy with scanning gate microscopy
in semiconductor physics. The conductance of a quantum point contact connected
to two atomic reservoirs is measured in the presence of a tightly focused laser
beam acting as a local perturbation that can be precisely positioned in space.
By scanning its position and recording the subsequent variations of
conductance, we retrieve a high-resolution map of transport through a quantum
point contact. We demonstrate a spatial resolution comparable to the extent of
the transverse wave function of the atoms inside the channel, and a position
sensitivity below 10nm. Our measurements agree well with an analytical model
and ab-initio numerical simulations, allowing us to identify a regime in
transport where tunneling dominates over thermal effects. Our technique opens
new perspectives for the high-resolution observation and manipulation of cold
atomic gases.Comment: 5 + 6 pages, 4 + 5 figure
Calibration of piezoelectric positioning actuators using a reference voltage-to-displacement transducer based on quartz tuning forks
We use a piezoelectric quartz tuning fork to calibrate the displacement of
ceramic piezoelectric scanners which are widely employed in scanning probe
microscopy. We measure the static piezoelectric response of a quartz tuning
fork and find it to be highly linear, non-hysteretic and with negligible creep.
These performance characteristics, close to those of an ideal transducer, make
quartz transducers superior to ceramic piezoelectric actuators. Furthermore,
quartz actuators in the form of a tuning fork have the advantage of yielding
static displacements comparable to those of local probe microscope scanners. We
use the static displacement of a quartz tuning fork as a reference to calibrate
the three axis displacement of a ceramic piezoelectric scanner. Although this
calibration technique is a non-traceable method, it can be more versatile than
using calibration grids because it enables to characterize the linear and
non-linear response of a piezoelectric scanner in a broad range of
displacements, spanning from a fraction of a nanometer to hundreds of
nanometers. In addition, the creep and the speed dependent piezoelectric
response of ceramic scanners can be studied in detail.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
What is the orientation of the tip in a scanning tunneling microscope?
We introduce a statistical correlation analysis method to obtain information
on the local geometry and orientation of the tip used in scanning tunneling
microscopy (STM) experiments based on large scale simulations. The key quantity
is the relative brightness correlation of constant-current topographs between
experimental and simulated data. This correlation can be analyzed statistically
for a large number of modeled tip orientations and geometries. Assuming a
stable tip during the STM scans and based on the correlation distribution, it
is possible to determine the tip orientations that are most likely present in
an STM experiment, and exclude other orientations. This is especially important
for substrates such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) since its STM
contrast is strongly tip dependent, which makes interpretation and comparison
of STM images very challenging. We illustrate the applicability of our method
considering the HOPG surface in combination with tungsten tip models of two
different apex geometries and 18144 different orientations. We calculate
constant-current profiles along the direction of the HOPG(0001)
surface in the V bias voltage range, and compare them with
experimental data. We find that a blunt tip model provides better correlation
with the experiment for a wider range of tip orientations and bias voltages
than a sharp tip model. Such a combination of experiments and large scale
simulations opens up the way for obtaining more detailed information on the
structure of the tip apex and more reliable interpretation of STM data in the
view of local tip geometry effects.Comment: Progress in Surface Science, accepted for publication, 25 pages
manuscript, 9 figures, abstract shortene
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