Independence or dependence? The arms industries in Israel, South Africa and Yugoslavia during the Cold War.

This dissertation examines the development of armaments production in Israel, South Africa and Yugoslavia and the implications thereof regarding military import dependency, arms exports, and defence production cooperation among developing arms producers. The dissertation concentrates on strategic and political issues of Third world arms production and does not deal with questions of arms industries and development. The dissertation makes three broad arguments: First, that truly indigenous arms production hardly exists in the three case study countries. I illustrate this by showing the heavy dependence of Israel, South Africa and Yugoslavia on foreign technology, licences, foreign components and foreign capital for all major -- and many minor -- weapons manufacturing projects undertaken since the 1960s. Second, that despite billions of dollars invested in building up respective defence industry sectors, all three states (or successor states in the case of Yugoslavia) remained dependent on imports of most of the same major weapons systems at the end of the Cold War as they were 30 years earlier. Embargo of systems such as fighter aircraft, ships and tanks by the old arms supplier oligopoly was the key reason for the initiation of arms production in all three countries. But the cancellation or failure of key arms manufacturing projects in all three countries, such as the Israeli Lavi fighter, means that far from achieving weapons supply independence, this dependency is set to continue into the next century Third, that despite the above two points, Israel, South Africa, Yugoslavia and other Third World arms producers have played an expanding and important role the world arms trade and proliferation of military technology since the 1970s. This seeming paradox will be illustrated by contrasting Israel's growing dependency on the United States for advanced weapons, capital and technology from 1970 to 1990, with the Israeli role as the single most important UN arms sanctions buster to South Africa from 1977 to the early 1990s; as an arms supplier to Argentina during the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas War, to Iran during the Iran-Iraq War and to Guatemala after the 1977 U.S. arms cut-off. The dissertation concludes that while some arms production is bound to continue in all three states (or successor states), major weapons manufacturing projects are a thing of the past and will be initiated -- if at all -- with the cooperation of arms industries from the very industrialised powers which Israel, South Africa and Yugoslavia sought total independence from through indigenous arms production during the Cold War

Global Arms Trade: Commerce in Advanced Military Technology and Weapons

This report, the final product of OTA’s assessment on international collaboration in defense technology, explores the form and dynamics of the international defense industry, the intricacies of technology transfer and equipment sales, and the implications for U.S. policy

U.S.-Ukraine Military Relations and the Value of Interoperability

Ukraine\u27s destiny is critical to the security of the entire post-Soviet zone. It long has been the stated goal of Ukrainian defense policy to integrate with Euro-Atlantic structures like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and this goal has been one of the chief objectives of the United States, as well. However, to move from rhetoric to implementation is particularly difficult where the defense reform of a post-Soviet state has been concerned, and Ukraine is no exception. Ukraine has begun to make remarkable progress towards its self-professed goal of defense integration with Western structures. This monograph provides a comprehensive account of Ukrainian-American defense relations and of Ukraine\u27s defense reforms over the period since Ukraine became independent in 1991. It clearly points out both the obstacles and the successes that both partners have encountered in building a cooperation mechanism, in practical peacetime engagement, and in accomplishing missions together, as well as outlining the challenges ahead. Given that Ukraine is a major contributor to the stabilization forces in Iraq and a key player in any European and Eurasian security order, this monograph has real policy relevance, especially as the United States seeks to work with its allies and partners in other post-Soviet states to foster their defense and political integration with the West.https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1759/thumbnail.jp

General use of UAS in EW environment--EW concepts and tactics for single or multiple UAS over the net-centric battlefield

With the development of technology, Electronic Warfare has been increasing for decades its importance in modern battles. It can even be referred to as the heart of today's net-centric battlefield. Unmanned Aerial Systems are gaining more importance every single day. Nations are working on more complex and more effective UAS in order to accomplish missions that are very difficult, or even impossible for manned aircraft. Electronic Warfare missions are often dangerous and risky. Mounting Electronic Warfare equipment on a UAS and using it to conduct the EW mission is the most rational solution, since it does not endanger human life. This thesis will examine the possible ways in which UAS can be paired with EW equipment. These two technologies can be integrated into a single mission over the net-centric battlefield. Furthermore, this thesis will try to explain the concepts and tactics required to use these integrated technologies more effectively. At the end of the thesis, a scenario will be run to help the reader understand the applicability of these tactics in the real environment.http://archive.org/details/generaluseofuasi109454512Turkish Air Force author.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Israeli strategic policy in Central Asia, 1991-2001: Constructive engagement in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

The collapse of the Soviet Union created a new region of instability. The former republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are situated in a strategic region that has garnered the attention of numerous actors in a competition for influence in Central Asia. It also saw the entrance of a most unlikely player; Israel. Since 1948, Israeli foreign policy has been directed at guaranteeing the security of the nation. Israel responded to the emergence of an independent Central Asia by evaluating the region's potential to impact its security and engaging the region to prevent the emergence of hostile regimes. Israel's strategic objectives in the region were to block Iranian inroads and to expand Israel's sphere of influence in order to secure the survival of the Israeli state. By constructively engaging Central Asia in diplomatic, economic, and security relations, Israel exerted its influence over the region. In the first ten years of independence, Israel achieved all its objectives. This thesis examines the reasons behind Israel's interests and evaluates its successes. It will explain what threat perceptions drove Israel's relationship with these states and evaluate these possible threats. This will be accomplished through an examination of the relationship and an evaluation of its successes in the advancement of Israeli national security interests. The focus of this study will be on the complex and multifaceted relations between Israel and the republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. This study will examine Israel's multifaceted relationship with these two republics within the framework of Israel's overall nation security policy and foreign policy objectives. This thesis will explore and evaluate Israel's principal relations with these states, including diplomatic relations, development assistance, commercial relations, and security cooperation. These aspects of the relationship will be explored in order to trace Israel's interest and exposure

Reconstructing rockets--the politics of developing military technology in Brazil, India, and Israel

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 1993.Includes bibliographical references.by Steven M. Flank.Ph.D

Nekrolog jako gatunek tekstu : analiza wydania internetowego The New York Times

The thesis presents an analysis of the death notice as a genre, which has been conducted by applying the research models of genre analysis designed by John Swales and Vijay K. Bhatia, and taxonomy of Polish death notices by Jacek Kolbuszewski. This in-depth structural analysis is based on a large corpus of texts (1843 texts consisting of 210,021 words), containing all death notices published in the online edition of The New York Times in a threemonth period (October 1st, 2012 – December 31st, 2012), and downloaded from Legacy.com (the leading global provider of online obituaries and death notices). The analysis involves identifying subgenres of the death notice and their communicative purposes, applying the Move and Steps analytical model to investigate the macrostructure of each subgenre of the death notice and its variants, and carrying out a register analysis, based on lexical and syntactic study with the aim of discovering patterns and lexemes characteristic of each move and/or step. Contrary to the well-researched staff-edited obituary, the genre of American death notice, written by non-professional authors (e.g. relatives, friends, employers or colleagues of the deceased) has not been thoroughly investigated; therefore, it is believed that the thesis will not only make a valuable contribution to the understanding of the genre in question, but it can be used as a reference manual helping prospective writers create a death notice in accordance with the American traditions and rules of the genre. The thesis consists of a theoretical part (Chapters One to Four) and a research part (Chapters Five to Eight). Chapter One revolves around the concepts of discourse, text and genre, and presents an overview of their theories. Chapter Two investigates the American discourse of death; it concentrates on the issue of death as a language taboo and various ways of coping with it, and provides a historical overview of numerous genres commemorating the dead. Chapter Three focuses on the both genres in question; it outlines their origin and evolution in the early British press, and summarizes contemporary research into them. Chapter Four introduces the research part as it discusses the corpus and principles of its division into subcorpora, the research model and applied methodology, and presents the discourse community and communicative purposes. Each of the four chapters constituting the research part deals with the Move and Step analysis of one of four subgenres of the death notice: informative (Chapter Five), farewell (Chapter Six), condolence (Chapter Seven), and anniversary (Chapter Eight); their lexico-structural analysis is illustrated with numerous excerpts from the respective sub-corpora. The Conclusion summarizes the research, and provides implications for future projects. The research has shown that the death notice is a highly conventionalized genre, deeply rooted in American culture and funeral tradition. While presenting biographies of the deceased (always in a positive way, according to the classical rule de mortuis nihil nisi bene), the American death notice emphasizes those specific periods and aspects of their lives (education, professional, political or military career, private life), accomplishments and traits that are valued and respected, and should be imitated by other members of the community. A notice usually contains a lengthy hierarchical list of relatives, both the predeceased and survivors. Each subgenre can be characterized by a specific set of communicative purposes, which are accomplished by a sequence of moves and steps. The commonest subgenre, the informative notice, continues the oldest traditions of the genre by informing the community about a person’s death (optionally its circumstances) and the date and place of the funeral and other services. The style and content of the farewell notice and the condolence notice depend on authorship: highly conventionalized formal institutional notices contrast with more original and intimate private ones. Their authors, whether representatives of an institution or relatives, friends, colleagues, etc., express their loss and grief, praise lives and deeds of the deceased, emphasize their importance for the authors or institution, and, in the case of the condolence notice, they offer their sympathy. The anniversary notice, the rarest subgenre, commemorates the anniversary of decedent’s birth or death, and frequently reminds the community about never-ending love and remembrance of its authors. A significant number of farewell and anniversary notices are addressed to the deceased themselves, the ‘virtual readers,’ which affects their structure and style. The register analysis displays a high level of intertextuality: non-professional obituarists tend to use conventional and stereotypical lexicon, phrases and structures, or even templates (they may copy or imitate other texts and study models provided in obituary manuals). There is no substantial evidence that the Internet has affected the genre: only few texts include hyperlinks that direct to the memorial sites at Legacy.com, where particular groups of the dead are commemorated (e.g. war veterans, university graduates, breast cancer victims)

The changing nature of Israeli-Indian relations, 1948-2005

The focus of this research is on the analysis of relations between Israel and India from 1948 to 2005. The State of Israel was established in 1948 but only on 18 September 1950 did India recognise Israel. Eventually, the two countries finally established full diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992. The research covers three specific timeframes and aims to clarify the factors that have affected and effected the relations between the two countries in terms of levels of analysis. The first timeframe (from 1948 to 1991) pertains to bilateral relations between the two countries before the establishment of diplomatic relations, including preindependence relations. India's foreign policy towards Israel reflected its selfinterest in the Middle East as well as its traditional sympathy with the Arabs and had been influenced by India's commitment to the Non-aligned Movement and the sentiments of the Indian Muslims. Eventually it was transformed into an anti- Israeli foreign policy. In the second timeframe, the change in bilateral relations between Israel and India in 1992 and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries are analysed by the Aggregative Model of Bilateral Foreign Relations Strategic Change. This analysis deals with the operational environment within which the Indian systemic foreign policy changed towards Israel. In the third timeframe, the evolving bilateral relations between India and Israel from 1992 to 2005 are analysed in terms of the Oscillated Diplomacy Model. Consecutive Indian governments in power had an influence on the volume of Indian diplomacy towards Israel as well as the direction of the relations between the two countries. Furthermore, three types of mutual national strategic interests, namely, joint strategic interests, common strategic interests and discrepant strategic interests, influenced the operational diplomacy of both countries. In essence, Israeli-Indian relations from 1948 to 1991 were characterised by partial and consistent pro-Arab and anti-Israeli foreign policy. In 1992, a significant diplomatic change occurred when India and Israel established full diplomatic relations. Since then bilateral relations have evolved continually in a positive manner concentrating on the convergence of strategic interests of the two countries.International PoliticsD.Litt. et Phil. (International Politics)

Energy: A continuing bibliography with indexes

This bibliography lists 1920 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System from July 1, 1980 through September 30, 1980