Surface Patterns On Single Cells: A Consequence Of A Phase Transition To Modulated Phases

Patterns are ubiquitous in the world around us, and we have only begun to scratch the surface of understanding their complexity and formation. In this thesis, we draw inspiration from rigid, extracellular surface patterns found on single living cells in many taxa and try to understand if there is a common thread in their pattern formation mechanisms that can be described by a single physical formalism. Pollen grains, butterfly wing scales, and deep-sea protists called phaeodarians all have beautifully ornate and varied hard surface structures that are likely patterned by the deposition of some soft organic matrix originating inside of the cell. We focus on pollen grain surfaces because of their remarkable geometric variety that is well documented. We find, through our own electron microscopy and careful histological techniques, that the patterns arise due to a phase separation of a transient polysaccharide material mechanically coupled to the underlying elastic cell membrane. We then show that the entire evolved diversity of patterns can be recapitulated by exploring both the equilibrium states and the dynamics of a modified Landau-Ginzburg model of phase transitions to modulated phases. We observe the surprising fact that only ~10% of extant species exhibit patterns that reach equilibrium. Furthermore, we find that although these patterns have evolved many times in seed plants, they are not, on average, selected for. The remaining 90% of pollen grain surfaces resemble arrested intermediate states of the phase transition process. We then document the pattern formation process in butterfly wing scales and show that a transient, spatially periodic surface material sits between the global surface features of the scales (the ridges). We postulate that the phase transition of this material may also contribute to the regular patterns on wing scale cells. We finally image the full three-dimensional features of geodesic phaeodarians tests using x-ray-computed tomography

SPESIES TUMBUHAN ARACEAE DI LINGKUNGAN SEKOLAH SMA NEGERI 15 TAKENGON

Istilah lingkungan hidup sering kita gunakan untuk menyebutkan segala sesuatu yang berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan hidup di bumi. Lingkungan sekolah adalah kesatuan ruang  dengan semua benda dan kesatuan makhluk hidup termasuk didalamnya manusia dan perilakunya yang melangsungkan kehidupan serta kesejahteraan mahkluk hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui spesies tumbuhan Araceae di lingkungan sekolah SMA N 15 Takengon. Metode yang digunakan adalah survey eksploratif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan lembar observasi dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar. Dapat disimpulkan  bahwa terdapat 12 spesies tumbuhan Araceae di lingkungan SMA N 15 Takengon

Efecto de 6-BAP en la multiplicación in vitro de Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel

Spathiphyllum occupies a central place within ornamental plants both for the beauty of its foliage and the inflorescence issued. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of 6-BAP in the increased number of in vitro shoots. The results showed that the greatest number of shoots per explant was achieved when used 4 mg l-1 6-BAP in the culture medium in the three multiplication subcultures performed.  Keywords: adventitious buds citoquinine, micropropagationSpathiphyllum ocupa un lugar primordial dentro de las plantas ornamentales por la belleza tanto de su follaje como de la inflorescencia que emite. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo determinar el efecto del 6- BAP en el incremento del número de brotes in vitro. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor número de brotes por explante se logró cuando se utilizaron 4 mg l -1 de 6-BAP en el medio de cultivo en los tres subcultivos de multiplicación que se realizaron

Purification of antibacterial compounds from spathiphyllum cannifolium leaf

Spathiphyllum cannifolium is an ‘araceae’ species which can be found in Malaysia for landscaping. Previous study carried out in this lab found that this plant possesses the highest antibacterial activity among 19 flowering plants screened. In the present study, purification of antibacterial compound of the plant was conducted. For purification of antibacterial compound, open column chromatography was conducted and ethyl acetate, hexane and ethanol are used as the mobile phase. The results showed that the elution of column with 80% ethyl acetate in ethanol provide fractions with the highest antibacterial activity. The fractions were analyzed with TLC plates and revealed a single spot under UV light at 0.85 Rf value. Further purification of the single spot using HPLC showed two isolated compounds at retention time of 5.53 minutes and 8.26 minutes were obtained. The compounds were suspected as flavanoids as they can be detected at wavelength 360 nm and 400 nm

A flora amazônica e as potencialidades de inovação no agronegócio de flores e de plantas ornamentais.

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Perbanyakan In Vitro Dendrobium Indonesia Raya ‘Ina’ melalui Embriogenesis Somatik Berbasis Sistem Bioreaktor

ABSTRACTAn effective and efficient in vitro propagation system has important roles in preparing and producing high quality-seedlings of Dendrobium for commercial scale. The objective of this research was to establish an effective and efficient embryogenic callus (EC) proliferation method using bioreactor system and regeneration EC into plantlet for producing high quality seedlings of Dendrobium Indonesia Raya ‘Ina’. Differences in callus densities (5, 10, 15, and 20 g callus in 250 mL medium), aeration levels (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 O2 volume  per  medium volume per minute; vvm), and regeneration media half-strength MS and 2 g L-1 NPK (32:10:10) combinated by 0.00, 0.05 mg L-1 BA, 150  mL L-1 coconut water and their combinations were tested in this experiment. The experiments were arranged using randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications for EC proliferation and randomized completely desaign (RBD) for EC regeneration. The results showed that combination of  aeration at 2.5 vvm and 10 g of EC was the most suitable aeration level and callus density for proliferation of EC in the 500 ml airlift bioreactor with 6.85 multiplication rate, 92.5% EC formation, and malformed callus morphology as low as 6.1%. The highest somatic embryos (SEs) formation was 87.7% with 44.5 SEs per clump and 92.1% SEs germination with 41.0 germinated-SEs per clump, 85.1% normal germinated-SEs, and whereas the best performance of plantlet was obtained from 1/2 MS + 0.05 mg L-1 BA semi solid medium. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized using Cycas rumphii medium with high survival rate (91.6%). Keywords: aerations, callus densities, germination, media, somatic embryo

Effects of Artificial Light Spectra and Sucrose on the Leaf Pigments, Growth, and Rooting of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) Microshoots

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are potential light sources for in vitro plant cultures. Here, axillary blackberry shoots were grown in MS medium with indole-3-butyric acid (1 mg L−1), naphthalene acetic acid (0.5 mg L−1), and sucrose supplementation (0–60 g L−1) and the cultures were incubated under four light treatments: three LED light treatments (blue + red light (2:1 spectral ratio), blue + red light (1:2), and cool + warm white light (1:1)) and a standard florescent tube white spectrum treatment. Sucrose was indispensable for rooting of blackberry microshoots. Sucrose concentrations up to 45 g L−1 increased total root length and root surface area under all light treatments. However, at this sucrose concentration, leaf area and vegetative growth were negatively affected. Plantlets grown in media containing 15–30 g L−1 of sucrose exhibited the highest leaf pigments, shoot length, and number of leaves. LED treatments increased leaf pigments as compared with florescent treatment. Plantlets grown under blue + red light (2:1) had the highest stoma aperture length and width, whereas cool + warm white light resulted in the lowest values. Among the LED treatments, blue + red light (2:1) resulted in the highest leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and vegetative growth, whereas fluorescent resulted in the lowest values. A combination of blue and red light at a 2:1 spectral ratio with 30 g L−1 of sucrose is recommended for the optimal in vitro rooting and vegetative growth of blackberry microshoots

Uma abordagem etnobotânica acerca das plantas úteis cultivadas em quintais em uma comunidade rural do semiárido piauiense, Nordeste do Brasil

Estudos etnobotânicos permitem avaliar conhecimentos ancestrais transmitidos para novas gerações. Este estudo objetivou inventariar as plantas úteis cultivadas em quintais em uma comunidade rural, agrupar as espécies citadas em categorias de uso e delinear o perfil socioeconômico dos envolvidos na pesquisa. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, usando o método bola-de-neve para a seleção dos participantes. Utilizou-se a técnica da turnê-guiada pelos quintais e, neste momento, foram coletadas amostras das plantas citadas, as quais foram herborizadas segundo técnicas usuais em taxonomia vegetal, classificando-as segundo o sistema APG III. Dos 71 entrevistados, 87,32% pertencem ao sexo feminino. Entre as 188 espécies levantadas, pertencentes a 68 famílias, as mais representativas foram Fabaceae e Lamiaceae. As categorias de uso ornamental, medicinal e alimentar foram as mais representativas. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Aloe vera e Ruta graveolens apresentaram maiores valores de uso pela população local

Plants traditionally used to treat Malaria (& related conditions):100 species from the ethnobotanical literature

The first Rapid Color Guide of “Plants traditionally used to treat Malaria (and related conditions) 100 species from the ethnobotanical literature (Guide #367)”, was published online in January 2015. This work was conducted by the Plant Chemicals Research Network for Malaria Control based on ethnopharmacology research in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Acre. Work was funded by Brazil’s National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Malaria still kills a huge number of people each year and this disease is therefore a major global health problem. This has motivated the development of research into new alternatives for the control and cure of this disease, which is the main objective of this research network. This guide is the result of an extensive literature survey conducted between 2010 and 2012 using scientific reference sites (SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct ISI Web of Science) as well as public and private libraries of research institutes and herbal, public and private libraries of research institutes and herbaria. Locations where photos were taken include: the botanical garden of the University of Amazonia (UNIAMAZONIA-Colombia); the "José Celestino Mutis" Botanical garden in Colombia, Kew Gardens (United Kingdom); The National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA-Brazil) as well as in other localities and local markets in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon. This six page guide was organized by Gina Frausin, Renata Lima, Ari Hidalgo, Lin Chau Ming & Adrian Pohlit and assisted by the Action Center’s Juliana Philipp, Tatzyana Wachter, and Robin Foster, with support from Trustee Connie Keller, the Ellen Hyndman Fund, and the Mellon Foundation. It can be viewed and downloaded at this link: http://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/rapid-color-guides-pdfs/367_antimalarial-e1.pd