Analisis Karakteristik Penyelesaian Masalah Matematika Siswa Berdasarkan Gaya Kognitif di Kelas VIII

This study aims to analyze the students’ mathematical problem-solving characteristics based on cognitive style that is field independent, field dependent, reflective, and impulsive. Fourty-five students of VIII grade at PGRI 5 Junior High School were involved. The students were given 4 descriptive math problems. The result showed that the characteristics of independent field cognitive style showed that could understand the problems, determined the right problem planning, careless in solving, and did not re-check the answer. The subject could solve questions faster than the specified time, but the answer was wrong. For the characteristics of field dependent cognitive style, they could understand the problems, determined the right problem planning, careless in solving, and did not re-check the answer. The subject could not solve questions on time, but the answers tended to be correct. For the characteristics of reflective cognitive style, they did not understand the problems, determined the right problem planning, quite careless in solving, and did not re-check the answer. The subject could solve questions faster than the specified time, but the answer was wrong. For the characteristics of impulsive cognitive style, they did not understand the problems, determined the right problem planning, quite careless in solving, and did not re-check the answer. The subject could solve questions on time, but the answers tended to be wrong.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik penyelesaian masalah matematika siswa berdasarkan gaya kognitif, yaitu: field independent, field dependent, reflekif dan impulsif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kelas VIII di SMP PGRI 5 Denpasar sebanyak 45 siswa. Dalam penelitian ini siswa diberikan 4 soal matematika dalam bentuk uraian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa memiliki gaya kognitif field independent dapat memahami masalah dengan baik, menentukan perencanaan masalah yang tepat, kurang teliti pada proses penyelesaian masalah dan tidak memeriksa kembali jawabannya. Mampu menyelesaikan soal lebih cepat dari waktu yang ditentukan, namun jawaban kurang tepat. Gaya kognitif field dependent, dapat memahami masalah dengan baik, menentukan perencanaan masalah yang tepat, kurang teliti pada proses penyelesaian masalah dan tidak memeriksa kembali jawabannya. Tidak mampu menyelesaikan soal tepat waktu, namun jawaban cenderung benar. Gaya kognitif reflektif, kurang memahami masalah dengan baik, menentukan perencanaan masalah yang tepat, kurang teliti pada proses penyelesaian masalah dan tidak memeriksa kembali jawabannya. Mampu menyelesaikan soal lebih cepat dari waktu yang ditentukan, namun jawaban kurang tepat. Dan gaya kognitif impulsif, kurang memahami masalah dengan baik, menentukan perencanaan masalah yang tepat, kurang teliti pada proses penyelesaian masalah dan tidak memeriksa kembali jawabannya. Mampu menyelesaikan soal tepat waktu, namun jawaban cenderung salah

Planning for stochastic games with Co-safe objectives

We consider planning problems for stochastic games with objectives specified by a branching-time logic, called probabilistic computation tree logic (PCTL). This problem has been shown to be undecidable if strategies with perfect recall, i.e., history-dependent, are considered. In this paper, we show that, if restricted to co-safe properties, a subset of PCTL properties capable to specify a wide range of properties in practice including reachability ones, the problem turns to be decidable, even when the class of general strategies is considered. We also give an algorithm for solving robust stochastic planning, where a winning strategy is tolerant to some perturbations of probabilities in the model. Our result indicates that satisfiability of co-safe PCTL is decidable as well

Multi-agent transport simulations and economic evaluation

Tolls are frequently discussed policies to reduce traffic in cities. However, road pricing measures are seldom implemented due to high investments and unpopularity. Transportation planning tools can support planning authorities by solving those problems if they take into account the following aspects: – Demographic attributes like income and time constraints – Time reactions to the policy – Schedule changes of population’s individuals during the whole day Our approach uses multi-agent simulations to model and simulate full daily plans. Each of our agents has a utility function that appraises the performance of a typical, microscopically simulated day. The sum of all utility changes to a policy change can be interpreted as the change in the system’s welfare thus the economic evaluation of a measure straightforward. The approach is tested with travel behavior of the Zurich metropolitan region in Switzerland. Several tolling schemes are investigated. It is shown that the simulation can be used to model travelers’ reactions to time-dependent tolls in a way most existing transportation planning tools are not able to do. It is demonstrated that route adjustment only, as is done in many traditional transport planning packages, results in no economic gains from the tolls. As time-dependent tolls are a much-debated subject in transportation politics, the ability to fully model such tolls and the reactions of travelers may help to find better toll schemes. In a world where individuals have more and more freedom to schedule their daily plans, agent-based simulations offer an intuitive way to research complex topics with lots of interdependencies

STUDENTS’ METACOGNITION IN MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVING (PROBLEMS OF HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL) BASED ON COGNITIVE STYLE

ABSTRACT The study was explorative research with descriptive qualitative approach, which aimed at describing students’ metacognition in solving mathematics problems (problems Higher Order Thinking Skill) based on cognitive style. The research subjects were 2 (two) students, with Field Independent (FI) and 2 (two) students Field Dependent (FD) styles. The research instruments were cognitive style test, known as GEFT (Group Embedded Figures Test), mathematics problem solving test (Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions), and interview quidance. Data validity of the study was conducted using triangulation which consisted of triangulation of technique, source, and time. Based on the result of data analysis, the conclusions concerning metacognition of FI studentsin solving mathematics problem are (1) declarative knowledge awareness in understanding problems and drawing conclusions from solutions obtained; (2) procedural knowledge awareness in carrying out the plan and and solving count operation; (3) conditional knowledge awareness in remembering similar problems; (4) awareness of planning awareness skills in arranging solution plan and in understanding the problems; (5) no prediction awareness skills in predicting the time needed; (6) monitoring awareness skills in conducting monitoring on work results; (7) evaluation awareness skills in determining the steps that can be used to test the correctnes of solutions obtained. Whereas, the metacognition of FD students in solving mathematical problems are (1) declarative knowledge awareness in understanding problems and drawing conclusions; (2) no procedural knowledge awareness in solving the problems; (3) conditional knowledge awareness in remembering similar problems; (4) no planning awareness skills in arranging solution plan; (5) no prediction awareness skills of in predicting the time needed to solve the problems; (6) monitoring awareness skills in conducting monitoring on work results; and (7) no evaluation awareness skills in finding steps that can be used to test the correctness of solutions obtained. Keywords : metacognition, cognitive syle, higher order thinking skil

PROFILE OF STUDENT MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM SOLVING BASED ON COGNITIVE STYLE IN GRADE VIII

The ability to solve problems is one of the 21st-century skills that students master. In school, there are various cognitive styles in solving math problems. So it is necessary to describe the problem-solving skills of students of State Junior High School (SMP Negeri) 3 Kasihan Bantul class VIII in terms of the cognitive style of field-dependent (FD) and field independent (FI) of the academic year 2017/2018.  This research is qualitative descriptive research. The subject of research consists of 2 students whose cognitive style FD and two students cognitive FI style. The instrument used in this research consists of the main instrument that is self-researcher. The auxiliary instruments are Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) and Problem Solving Testing (TKPM). For data collection techniques used are GEFT, TKPM, and interviews. To obtain data consistency, used technique triangulation. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results showed that the subject of FD tends to think globally in solving the problem. Subjects have used three problem-solving indicators: understanding the problem by repeated reading, planning by analyzing, implementing plans that have been prepared to get the results of completion, and drawing conclusions. At the same time, the subject of FI is more analytical in solving the problem. The subject has used three troubleshooting indicators, understood the problem by repeated reading, drafted a settlement plan from the information obtained, executed the plan developed to get the result of completion, and drew conclusions. The subject of FD and FI equally did not re-examine the answer

Выход загруженных веществ in vitro из системы упорядоченных биодеградируемых отдельностоящих микрокамер

We address in this paper the optimization of a multi-site, multi-period, and multi-product planning problem with sequence-dependent changeovers, which is modeled as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Industrial instances of this problem require the planning of a number of production and distribution sites over a time span of several months. Temporal and spatial Lagrangean decomposition schemes can be useful for solving these types of large-scale production planning problems. In this paper we present a theoretical result on the relative size of the duality gap of the two decomposition alternatives. We also propose a methodology for exploiting the economic interpretation of the Lagrange multipliers to speed the convergence of numerical algorithms for solving the temporal and spatial Lagrangean duals. The proposed methods are applied to the multi-site multi-period planning problem in order to illustrate their computational effectiveness.</p

Risk-sensitive stochastic orienteering problems for trip optimization in urban environments

Orienteering Problems (OPs) are used to model many routing and trip planning problems. OPs are a variant of the well-known traveling salesman problem where the goal is to compute the highest reward path that includes a subset of vertices and has an overall travel time less than a specified deadline. However, the applicability of OPs is limited due to the assumption of deterministic and static travel times. To that end, Campbell et al. extended OPs to Stochastic OPs (SOPs) to represent uncertain travel times (Campbell et al. 2011). In this article, we make the following key contributions: (1) We extend SOPs to Dynamic SOPs (DSOPs), which allow for time-dependent travel times; (2) we introduce a new objective criterion for SOPs and DSOPs to represent a percentile measure of risk; (3) we provide non-linear optimization formulations along with their linear equivalents for solving the risk-sensitive SOPs and DSOPs; (4) we provide a local search mechanism for solving the risk-sensitive SOPs and DSOPs; and (5) we provide results on existing benchmark problems and a real-world theme park trip planning problem.</jats:p

Intelligent Transport System Why should Building Physicists, Architects and Urban Designers Care?

Urban traffic systems can be called intelligent if they react on changing circumstances with problem solving strategies. Unintelligent traffic systems create problems, enhance problems not only in transport, but also in economy and urban structures. They are damaging and destroying urban structures, social connections and economic stability. Pedestrians, cyclists and (to a certain amount) public transport are intelligent urban traffic systems. They are socially agreeable, environmental-friendly, flexible and - if they are not operated with high speeds - sustainable. Traffic itself is not the goal, traffic itself is a mean. Intelligent traffic systems are therefore dependent on intelligent urban structures. If urban structures are shaped in an unintelligent way as it happened in the 20th century by individual optimization of cars and human activities on every place, intelligent traffic systems are not possible any more. Precious urban space, was occupied not by the intelligent but by the powerful and ruthless car user. Caused by the fascination of effortless individual mobility, urban and transport planning created a word for cars and not for human needs. Traffic management removed obstacles for free car movement, but put barriers for all nonmotorized modes and public transport. The result was the unintelligent city, totally dependent on continuous inflow of fossil fuel. During this time period decisions and planning principles have not been built on sound scientific background, but on unquestioned extrapolation of individual experiences, on observations of symptoms without any understanding of the deep inner mechanisms between man, city and traffic. Scientific findings from the last 30 years show the necessary basic paradigm change toward an intelligent traffic system embedded into an intelligent urban structure