A Corpus Driven Computational Intelligence Framework for Deception Detection in Financial Text

Financial fraud rampages onwards seemingly uncontained. The annual cost of fraud in the UK is estimated to be as high as £193bn a year [1] . From a data science perspective and hitherto less explored this thesis demonstrates how the use of linguistic features to drive data mining algorithms can aid in unravelling fraud. To this end, the spotlight is turned on Financial Statement Fraud (FSF), known to be the costliest type of fraud [2]. A new corpus of 6.3 million words is composed of102 annual reports/10-K (narrative sections) from firms formally indicted for FSF juxtaposed with 306 non-fraud firms of similar size and industrial grouping. Differently from other similar studies, this thesis uniquely takes a wide angled view and extracts a range of features of different categories from the corpus. These linguistic correlates of deception are uncovered using a variety of techniques and tools. Corpus linguistics methodology is applied to extract keywords and to examine linguistic structure. N-grams are extracted to draw out collocations. Readability measurement in financial text is advanced through the extraction of new indices that probe the text at a deeper level. Cognitive and perceptual processes are also picked out. Tone, intention and liquidity are gauged using customised word lists. Linguistic ratios are derived from grammatical constructs and word categories. An attempt is also made to determine ‘what’ was said as opposed to ‘how’. Further a new module is developed to condense synonyms into concepts. Lastly frequency counts from keywords unearthed from a previous content analysis study on financial narrative are also used. These features are then used to drive machine learning based classification and clustering algorithms to determine if they aid in discriminating a fraud from a non-fraud firm. The results derived from the battery of models built typically exceed classification accuracy of 70%. The above process is amalgamated into a framework. The process outlined, driven by empirical data demonstrates in a practical way how linguistic analysis could aid in fraud detection and also constitutes a unique contribution made to deception detection studies

Pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) terhadap kadar enzim transaminase (SGPT dan SGOT) pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinduksi DMBA

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimenta menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima kelompok perlakuan dan empat kali ulangan. Kelompok perlakuan Acak Lengkap tikus yang diinduksi dengan 7,12-dimetilbenz(alfa) antrasen (DMBA) dan diberi ekstrak daun sirsak dosis 0 mg/kgBB (K+), dosis 100 mg/kg bb (P1). DOSIS 150 MG/KG BB (P2), Dosis 200 mg/kg bb (P3) dan tikus normal yaitu tikus tanpa diinduksi dengan 7,12-dimetilbenz(alfa) antrasen (DMBA) dan tanpa diberi ekstrak daun sirsak (K-). Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analisis Varians (One Way Anova) satu arah. Jika menunjukan ada pengaruh maka dilakukan uji lanjut dengan BNT taraf signifikan alfa=1%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui kadar SGPT pada (K+) yaitu 154,472+/-4,09 U/L, sedangkan pada P1, P2, dan P3 masing-masing adalah 134,352+/-3,03 U/I , 118,137+/-2,69 U/L, 88,950+/-3,34 U/L dan (K-) 11,516+/-1.62. Kadar SGOT pada (K+) adalah 132,174+/-2,63 U/L, sedangkan pada P1, P2, dan P3 masing-masing adalah 1174,674+/-2,63 U/L, 105,232+/-2,34 U/L, 79,717+/-3,56 U/L dan (K-) 8,339+/-1,25. Oleh karena itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) berpengaruh terhadap kadar enzime transminase (SGPT dan SGOT) pada mencit (Mus muscullus)yang diinduksi dengan 7,12-dimetilbenz(alfa) antvrasen (DMBA) secara in vivo. Sedangkan dosis yang efektif untuk menurunkan kadar enzim transaminase SGPT dan SGOT adalah P3 yaitu 200 mg/kg bb