Intra-Domain Pathlet Routing

Internal routing inside an ISP network is the foundation for lots of services that generate revenue from the ISP's customers. A fine-grained control of paths taken by network traffic once it enters the ISP's network is therefore a crucial means to achieve a top-quality offer and, equally important, to enforce SLAs. Many widespread network technologies and approaches (most notably, MPLS) offer limited (e.g., with RSVP-TE), tricky (e.g., with OSPF metrics), or no control on internal routing paths. On the other hand, recent advances in the research community are a good starting point to address this shortcoming, but miss elements that would enable their applicability in an ISP's network. We extend pathlet routing by introducing a new control plane for internal routing that has the following qualities: it is designed to operate in the internal network of an ISP; it enables fine-grained management of network paths with suitable configuration primitives; it is scalable because routing changes are only propagated to the network portion that is affected by the changes; it supports independent configuration of specific network portions without the need to know the configuration of the whole network; it is robust thanks to the adoption of multipath routing; it supports the enforcement of QoS levels; it is independent of the specific data plane used in the ISP's network; it can be incrementally deployed and it can nicely coexist with other control planes. Besides formally introducing the algorithms and messages of our control plane, we propose an experimental validation in the simulation framework OMNeT++ that we use to assess the effectiveness and scalability of our approach.Comment: 13 figures, 1 tabl

Linux XIA: an interoperable meta network architecture

With the growing number of clean-slate redesigns of the Internet, the need for a medium that enables all stakeholders to participate in the realization, evaluation, and selection of these designs is increasing. We believe that the missing catalyst is a meta network architecture that welcomes most, if not all, clean-state designs on a level playing field, lowers deployment barriers, and leaves the final evaluation to the broader community. This thesis presents the eXpressive Internet (Meta) Architecture (XIA), itself a clean-slate design, as well as Linux XIA, a native implementation of XIA in the Linux kernel, as a candidate. As a meta network architecture, XIA is highly flexible, leaving stakeholders to choose an expressive set of network principals to instantiate a given network architecture within the XIA framework. Central to XIA is its novel, non-linear network addressing format, from which derive key architectural features such as evolvability, intrinsically secure identifiers, and a low degree of principal isolation. XIP, the network layer protocol of XIA, forwards packets by navigating these structured addresses and delegating the decision-making and packet processing to appropriate principals, accordingly. Taken together, these mechanisms work in tandem to support a broad spectrum of interoperable principals. We demonstrate how to port four distinct and unrelated network architectures onto Linux XIA, none of which were designed for interoperability with this platform. We then show that, notwithstanding this flexibility, Linux XIA's forwarding performance remains comparable to that of the more mature legacy TCP/IP stack implementation. Moreover, the ported architectures, namely IP, Serval, NDN, and ANTS, empower us to present a deployment plan for XIA, to explore design variations of the ported architectures that were impossible in their original form due to the requirement of self-sufficiency that a standalone network architecture bears, and to substantiate the claim that XIA readily supports and enables network evolution. Our work highlights the benefits of specializing network designs that XIA affords, and comprises instructive examples for the network researcher interested in design and implementation for future interoperability

Exploiting the power of multiplicity: a holistic survey of network-layer multipath

The Internet is inherently a multipath network: For an underlying network with only a single path, connecting various nodes would have been debilitatingly fragile. Unfortunately, traditional Internet technologies have been designed around the restrictive assumption of a single working path between a source and a destination. The lack of native multipath support constrains network performance even as the underlying network is richly connected and has redundant multiple paths. Computer networks can exploit the power of multiplicity, through which a diverse collection of paths is resource pooled as a single resource, to unlock the inherent redundancy of the Internet. This opens up a new vista of opportunities, promising increased throughput (through concurrent usage of multiple paths) and increased reliability and fault tolerance (through the use of multiple paths in backup/redundant arrangements). There are many emerging trends in networking that signify that the Internet's future will be multipath, including the use of multipath technology in data center computing; the ready availability of multiple heterogeneous radio interfaces in wireless (such as Wi-Fi and cellular) in wireless devices; ubiquity of mobile devices that are multihomed with heterogeneous access networks; and the development and standardization of multipath transport protocols such as multipath TCP. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature on network-layer multipath solutions. We will present a detailed investigation of two important design issues, namely, the control plane problem of how to compute and select the routes and the data plane problem of how to split the flow on the computed paths. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic articulation of the main design issues in network-layer multipath routing along with a broad-ranging survey of the vast literature on network-layer multipathing. We also highlight open issues and identify directions for future work

The Hidden Victims of Tort Reform: Women, Children, and the Elderly

I have conducted empirical research from several states on how juries in medical malpractice and other tort suits allocate their damage awards between economic loss damages and noneconomic loss damages. I then compared cases in which men are the victims and cases in which women are the victims. This research demonstrates that while overall men tend to recover greater total damages, juries consistently award women more in noneconomic loss damages than men, and that the noneconomic portion of women\u27s total damage awards is significantly greater than the percentage of men\u27s tort recoveries attributable to noneconomic damages. Consequently, any cap on noneconomic loss damages will deprive women of a much greater proportion and amount of a jury award than men. Noneconomic loss damage caps therefore amount to a form of discrimination against women and contribute to unequal access to justice or fair compensation for women

Compact Location Encodings for Scalable Internet Routing

Abstract-The Internet is facing the double-challenge of accelerating growth of routing table size and ever higher reliability requirements. Considerable progress has been made toward the scalability and reliability of the Internet. However, most of the proposals are only partial solutions that address some of the challenges. In this paper, we present a new addressing encoding scheme and a corresponding forwarding mechanism for Internet routing to solve the aforementioned problems. Underlying our design is a succinct data structure that allows us to compactly embed a set of addresses into packet headers. At the same time, the structure allows the data plane to efficiently extract multiple address information for the same destination without decompression. We provide time and space complexity analysis, and present experimental results evaluating the performance of our encoding method. It shows that the proposed encoding method can achieve a good compression factor without degrading packet-forwarding performance

RDNA: Arquitetura Definida por Resíduos para Redes de Data Centers

"Recentemente, temos observado o crescente uso das tecnologias de informação e da comunicação. Instituições e usuários simplesmente necessitam de alta qualidade na conectividade de seus dados, com expectativa de acesso instantâneo a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar. Um elemento essencial para garantir qualidade na conectividade da nuvem é a arquitetura da rede de comunicação no Data Center (DCNs - Data Center Networks). Isso ocorre porque uma parte significativa do tráfego da Internet é baseada na comunicação de dados e no processamento que acontece dentro da infraestrutura do Data Center (DC). No entanto, os protocolos de roteamento, a forma de encaminhamento e gerenciamento que são executados atualmente, se revelam insuficientes para atender as demandas atuais por conectividade na nuvem. Isto ocorre principalmente pela dependência da operação de busca nas tabelas de encaminhamento, levando à um incremento de latência fim a fim, ademais, mecanismos de recuperação tradicionais utilizam estados adicionais nas tabelas, aumentando a complexidade nas rotinas de gerenciamento, além de reduzir drasticamente a escalabilidade de proteção nas rotas. Outra dificuldade é a comunicação multicast dentro do DC, as soluções existentes são complexas de implementar e não suportam a configuração dos grupos nas taxas atuais requeridas. Neste contexto, essa tese explora o sistema numérico de resíduos centrado no Teorema Chinês do Resto (TCR) como fundamento, aplicado no projeto de um novo sistema de roteamento para DCN. Mais especificamente, introduzimos a arquitetura RDNA que avança o estado da arte a partir de uma simplificação do modelo de encaminhamento para o núcleo, baseado em uma operação de resíduo (resto da divisão). Nesse sentido, a rota é definida como resíduo entre um identificador de rota e identificadores locais (números primos) atribuídos aos switches de núcleo. Os switches de borda, recebem entradas configurando os fluxos de acordo com a política de rede definida pelo controlador. Cada fluxo é mapeado na borda, através de um identificador de rota principal e um emergencial. Essas operações de resíduos permitem encaminhar os pacotes pela respectiva porta de saída. Em situações de falha, o identificador de rota emergencial viabiliza rápida recuperação enviando os pacotes por uma porta de saída alternativa. A RDNA é escalável assumindo uma topologia 2-tier Clos Network amplamente utilizada em DCNs. Com o objetivo de confrontar a RDNA com outros trabalhos da literatura, analisamos a escalabilidade em termos de número de bits necessário para comunicação unicast e multicast. Na análise, variou-se o número de nós na rede, o grau dos nós e o número de hosts físicos para cada topologia. Na comunicação unicast, a RDNA reduziu em 4.5 vezes o tamanho do cabeçalho, comparada à proposta COXCast. Na comunicação multicast, um modelo de programação linear foi concebido para minimizar uma função polinomial. A RDNA reduziu em até 50% o tamanho do cabeçalho comparando com a mesma quantidade de membros por grupo. Como prova de conceito, dois protótipos foram implementados, um no ambiente emulado Mininet e outro na plataforma NetFPGA SUME. Os resultados mostraram que a RDNA alcança latência determinística no encaminhamento dos pacotes, 600 nanosegundos no tempo de comutação por elemento de núcleo, recuperação de falha ultra-rápida na ordem de microssegundos e sem variação de latência (jitter) no núcleo da rede.

Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes

This bibliography lists 475 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between January 1 and March 31, 1984. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economical analysis