Monitoring and modelling of nitrogen dioxide in urban areas.

Imperial Users onl

Environmental Costs for Highway Alignment Evaluation

The regulatory measures have set standard to be met for evaluating environmental cost of a proposed highway. However, these measures do not consider the health effects of increased concentrations of pollutants. This thesis seeks to develop a methodology for estimating the environmental cost of a new highway with a specified alignment. The proposed methodology for estimating the environmental health costs of a highway quantifies the social cost of the emission impacts. An example of a proposed highway parallel to an existing highway is considered in a rural area. The environmental costs consider emissions at the source, dispersion of particles, and population exposure. The total emissions of nitrogen dioxide are estimated using the vehicle-specific approach and the transport of these emissions is estimated with a Gaussian model for pollutant dispersion. The chronic respiratory diseases, asthma, and cardiovascular cases resulting from the dispersion of pollutant are estimated using the concentration exposure relationship. The results are analyzed for factors that influence the effects of emissions, i.e. vehicle volume, vehicle mix, wind direction, wind speed, meteorological conditions, gradient and population density

The effect of short-term changes in air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus.

Presented at the 6th International Conference on Urban Air Quality, Limassol, March, 2007. Short-paper was submitted for peer-review and appears in proceedings of the conference.This study investigates the effect of daily changes in levels of PM10 on the daily volume of respiratory and cardiovascular admissions in Nicosia, Cyprus during 1995-2004. After controlling for long- (year and month) and short-term (day of the week) patterns as well as the effect of weather in Generalized Additive Poisson models, some positive associations were observed with all-cause and cause-specific admissions. Risk of hospitalization increased stepwise across quartiles of days with increasing levels of PM10 by 1.3% (-0.3, 2.8), 4.9% (3.3, 6.6), 5.6% (3.9, 7.3) as compared to days with the lowest concentrations. For every 10μg/m3 increase in daily average PM10 concentration, there was a 1.2% (-0.1%, 2.4%) increase in cardiovascular admissions. With respects to respiratory admissions, an effect was observed only in the warm season with a 1.8% (-0.22, 3.85) increase in admissions per 10μg/m3 increase in PM10. The effect on respiratory admissions seemed to be much stronger in women and, surprisingly, restricted to people of adult age

Analysis of air quality management with emphasis on transportation sources

The current environment and practices of air quality management were examined for three regions: Denver, Phoenix, and the South Coast Air Basin of California. These regions were chosen because the majority of their air pollution emissions are related to mobile sources. The impact of auto exhaust on the air quality management process is characterized and assessed. An examination of the uncertainties in air pollutant measurements, emission inventories, meteorological parameters, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality simulation models is performed. The implications of these uncertainties to current air quality management practices is discussed. A set of corrective actions are recommended to reduce these uncertainties

Impact of emissions results from power generation on the air quality of selected urban areas in Kuwait

Air pollution in urban areas is a problem affecting many countries in the world and has important implications for health and environmental management. However, air quality prediction plays an important role in the controlling air pollution problem. Air-quality models are also extensively used in all aspects of air pollution control and to predict spatial and temporal dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The main objectives of this work are to provide an overview of the pollutant levels and their trends in the study area (Rabia) and to predict the ground level concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) mainly emitted from power generation stations by using Source Complex model for Short-term Dispersion (ISCST 4.5) for years 2001 and 2004. The hourly air pollutants concentrations were measured continuously by fixed ambient air stations located over the polyclinics in Rabia area in Capital Governorate in the State of Kuwait. [Continues.

Regulatory dispersion modelling of traffic-originated pollution

Regulatory dispersion modelling of traffic-originated pollution This thesis describes the national finite line source model (CAR-FMI) for the dispersion of traffic-originated pollution from an open road network. CAR-FMI computes the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total of nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3) and exhaust fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in local scale using the Gaussian plume dispersion with dry deposition associated with PM2.5. The computed results of statistically analysed hourly concentrations are available in tabular form or presented graphically utilizing the GIS (Geographic Information System) MapInfo. The modelled NOx concentrations are compared with the field measurements as well as with the computed results of a Lagrangian model (GRAL). The comparisons show a good agreement between modelled and measured concentrations except in case of weak wind speed conditions when CAR-FMI substantially overestimates the concentrations. The overestimation was the result of the meandering effect, which is not taken into account in the first version of the model. A numerical method for the correction of the influence by meandering is suggested in this work

Proceedings of Abstracts 10th International Conference on Air Quality Science and Application

This 10th International Conference in Air Quality - Science and Application is being held in the elegant and vibrant city of Milan, Italy. Our local hosts are ARIANET and ARPA Lombardia both of whom play a leading role in assessing and managing air pollution in the area. The meeting builds upon the series that began at the University of Hertfordshire, UK in July 1996. Subsequent meetings have been held at the Technical University of Madrid, Spain (1999), Loutraki, Greece (2001), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (2003), Valencia, Spain (2005), Cyprus (2007), Istanbul, Turkey (2009) Athens, Greece (2012) and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany (2014). Over the last two decades controls to limit air pollution have increased but the problem of poor air quality persists in all cities of the world. Consequently, the issue of the quality of air that we breathe remains at the forefront of societal concerns and continues to demand the attention of scientists and policy makers to reduce health impacts and to achieve sustainable development. Although urbanisation is growing in terms of population, transport, energy consumption and utilities, science has shown that impact from air pollution in cities is not restricted to local scales but depends on contributions from regional and global scales including interactions with climate change. Despite improvements in technology, users still demand robust management and assessment tools to formulate effective control policies and strategies for reducing the health impact of air pollution. The topics of papers presented at the conference reflect the diversity of scales, processes and interactions affecting air pollution and its impact on health and the environment. As usual, the conference is stimulating cross-fertilisation of ideas and cooperation between the different air pollution science and user communities. In particular, there is greater involvement of city, regional and global air pollution, climate change, users and health communities at the meeting. This international conference brings together scientists, users and policy makers from across the globe to discuss the latest scientific advances in our understanding of air pollution and its impacts on our health and environment. In addition to the scientific advances, the conference will also seek to highlight applications and developments in management strategies and assessment tools for policy and decision makers. This volume presents a collection of abstracts of papers presented at the Conference. The main themes covered in the Conference include: Air quality and impact on regional to global scales Development/application/evaluation of air quality and related models Environmental and health impact resulting from air pollution Measurement of air pollutants and process studies Source apportionment and emission models/inventories Urban meteorology Special session: Air quality impacts of the increasing use of biomass fuels Special session: Air quality management for policy support and decisions Special session: Air pollution meteorology from local to global scales Special session: Climate change and human health Special Session: Modelling and measuring non-exhaust emissions from traffic Special session: Transport related air pollution - PM and its impact on cities and across EuropeFinal Published versio

Proceedings of Abstracts 12th International Conference on Air Quality Science and Application

© 2020 The Author(s). This an open access work distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Final Published versio