1,898 research outputs found
Deep learning in remote sensing: a review
Standing at the paradigm shift towards data-intensive science, machine
learning techniques are becoming increasingly important. In particular, as a
major breakthrough in the field, deep learning has proven as an extremely
powerful tool in many fields. Shall we embrace deep learning as the key to all?
Or, should we resist a 'black-box' solution? There are controversial opinions
in the remote sensing community. In this article, we analyze the challenges of
using deep learning for remote sensing data analysis, review the recent
advances, and provide resources to make deep learning in remote sensing
ridiculously simple to start with. More importantly, we advocate remote sensing
scientists to bring their expertise into deep learning, and use it as an
implicit general model to tackle unprecedented large-scale influential
challenges, such as climate change and urbanization.Comment: Accepted for publication IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazin
A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Learning in Remote Sensing: Theories, Tools and Challenges for the Community
In recent years, deep learning (DL), a re-branding of neural networks (NNs),
has risen to the top in numerous areas, namely computer vision (CV), speech
recognition, natural language processing, etc. Whereas remote sensing (RS)
possesses a number of unique challenges, primarily related to sensors and
applications, inevitably RS draws from many of the same theories as CV; e.g.,
statistics, fusion, and machine learning, to name a few. This means that the RS
community should be aware of, if not at the leading edge of, of advancements
like DL. Herein, we provide the most comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art
RS DL research. We also review recent new developments in the DL field that can
be used in DL for RS. Namely, we focus on theories, tools and challenges for
the RS community. Specifically, we focus on unsolved challenges and
opportunities as it relates to (i) inadequate data sets, (ii)
human-understandable solutions for modelling physical phenomena, (iii) Big
Data, (iv) non-traditional heterogeneous data sources, (v) DL architectures and
learning algorithms for spectral, spatial and temporal data, (vi) transfer
learning, (vii) an improved theoretical understanding of DL systems, (viii)
high barriers to entry, and (ix) training and optimizing the DL.Comment: 64 pages, 411 references. To appear in Journal of Applied Remote
Sensin
Domain Adaptive Transfer Attack (DATA)-based Segmentation Networks for Building Extraction from Aerial Images
Semantic segmentation models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
have gained much attention in relation to remote sensing and have achieved
remarkable performance for the extraction of buildings from high-resolution
aerial images. However, the issue of limited generalization for unseen images
remains. When there is a domain gap between the training and test datasets,
CNN-based segmentation models trained by a training dataset fail to segment
buildings for the test dataset. In this paper, we propose segmentation networks
based on a domain adaptive transfer attack (DATA) scheme for building
extraction from aerial images. The proposed system combines the domain transfer
and adversarial attack concepts. Based on the DATA scheme, the distribution of
the input images can be shifted to that of the target images while turning
images into adversarial examples against a target network. Defending
adversarial examples adapted to the target domain can overcome the performance
degradation due to the domain gap and increase the robustness of the
segmentation model. Cross-dataset experiments and the ablation study are
conducted for the three different datasets: the Inria aerial image labeling
dataset, the Massachusetts building dataset, and the WHU East Asia dataset.
Compared to the performance of the segmentation network without the DATA
scheme, the proposed method shows improvements in the overall IoU. Moreover, it
is verified that the proposed method outperforms even when compared to feature
adaptation (FA) and output space adaptation (OSA).Comment: 11pages, 12 figure
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Meets Deep Learning
This reprint focuses on the application of the combination of synthetic aperture radars and depth learning technology. It aims to further promote the development of SAR image intelligent interpretation technology. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an important active microwave imaging sensor, whose all-day and all-weather working capacity give it an important place in the remote sensing community. Since the United States launched the first SAR satellite, SAR has received much attention in the remote sensing community, e.g., in geological exploration, topographic mapping, disaster forecast, and traffic monitoring. It is valuable and meaningful, therefore, to study SAR-based remote sensing applications. In recent years, deep learning represented by convolution neural networks has promoted significant progress in the computer vision community, e.g., in face recognition, the driverless field and Internet of things (IoT). Deep learning can enable computational models with multiple processing layers to learn data representations with multiple-level abstractions. This can greatly improve the performance of various applications. This reprint provides a platform for researchers to handle the above significant challenges and present their innovative and cutting-edge research results when applying deep learning to SAR in various manuscript types, e.g., articles, letters, reviews and technical reports
Causal SAR ATR with Limited Data via Dual Invariance
Synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition (SAR ATR) with limited
data has recently been a hot research topic to enhance weak generalization.
Despite many excellent methods being proposed, a fundamental theory is lacked
to explain what problem the limited SAR data causes, leading to weak
generalization of ATR. In this paper, we establish a causal ATR model
demonstrating that noise that could be blocked with ample SAR data, becomes
a confounder with limited data for recognition. As a result, it has a
detrimental causal effect damaging the efficacy of feature extracted from
SAR images, leading to weak generalization of SAR ATR with limited data. The
effect of on feature can be estimated and eliminated by using backdoor
adjustment to pursue the direct causality between and the predicted class
. However, it is difficult for SAR images to precisely estimate and
eliminated the effect of on . The limited SAR data scarcely powers the
majority of existing optimization losses based on empirical risk minimization
(ERM), thus making it difficult to effectively eliminate 's effect. To
tackle with difficult estimation and elimination of 's effect, we propose a
dual invariance comprising the inner-class invariant proxy and the
noise-invariance loss. Motivated by tackling change with invariance, the
inner-class invariant proxy facilitates precise estimation of 's effect on
by obtaining accurate invariant features for each class with the limited
data. The noise-invariance loss transitions the ERM's data quantity necessity
into a need for noise environment annotations, effectively eliminating 's
effect on by cleverly applying the previous 's estimation as the noise
environment annotations. Experiments on three benchmark datasets indicate that
the proposed method achieves superior performance
Remote Sensing Object Detection Meets Deep Learning: A Meta-review of Challenges and Advances
Remote sensing object detection (RSOD), one of the most fundamental and
challenging tasks in the remote sensing field, has received longstanding
attention. In recent years, deep learning techniques have demonstrated robust
feature representation capabilities and led to a big leap in the development of
RSOD techniques. In this era of rapid technical evolution, this review aims to
present a comprehensive review of the recent achievements in deep learning
based RSOD methods. More than 300 papers are covered in this review. We
identify five main challenges in RSOD, including multi-scale object detection,
rotated object detection, weak object detection, tiny object detection, and
object detection with limited supervision, and systematically review the
corresponding methods developed in a hierarchical division manner. We also
review the widely used benchmark datasets and evaluation metrics within the
field of RSOD, as well as the application scenarios for RSOD. Future research
directions are provided for further promoting the research in RSOD.Comment: Accepted with IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine. More than
300 papers relevant to the RSOD filed were reviewed in this surve
Non-Visible Light Data Synthesis and Application: A Case Study for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery
We explore the "hidden" ability of large-scale pre-trained image generation
models, such as Stable Diffusion and Imagen, in non-visible light domains,
taking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for a case study. Due to the
inherent challenges in capturing satellite data, acquiring ample SAR training
samples is infeasible. For instance, for a particular category of ship in the
open sea, we can collect only few-shot SAR images which are too limited to
derive effective ship recognition models. If large-scale models pre-trained
with regular images can be adapted to generating novel SAR images, the problem
is solved. In preliminary study, we found that fine-tuning these models with
few-shot SAR images is not working, as the models can not capture the two
primary differences between SAR and regular images: structure and modality. To
address this, we propose a 2-stage low-rank adaptation method, and we call it
2LoRA. In the first stage, the model is adapted using aerial-view regular image
data (whose structure matches SAR), followed by the second stage where the base
model from the first stage is further adapted using SAR modality data.
Particularly in the second stage, we introduce a novel prototype LoRA (pLoRA),
as an improved version of 2LoRA, to resolve the class imbalance problem in SAR
datasets. For evaluation, we employ the resulting generation model to
synthesize additional SAR data. This augmentation, when integrated into the
training process of SAR classification as well as segmentation models, yields
notably improved performance for minor classe
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