Negating the Gender Citation Advantage in Political Science

Open-access (OA) advocates have long promoted OA as an egalitarian alternative to traditional subscription-based academic publishing. The argument is simple: OA gives everyone access to high-quality research at no cost. In turn, this should benefit individual researchers by increasing the number of people reading and citing academic articles. As the OA movement gains traction in the academy, scholars are investing considerable research energy to determine whether there is an OA citation advantage—that is, does OA increase an article’s citation counts? Research indicates that it does. Scholars also explored patterns of gender bias in academic publishing and found that women are cited at lower rates in many disciplines. Indeed, in many disciplines, men enjoy a significant and positive gender citation effect (GCE) compared to their female colleagues. This article combines these research areas to determine whether the OA citation advantage varies by gender. Using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) tests, the nonparametric analog to the independent samples T-test, I conclude that OA benefits male and female political scientists at similar rates. Thus, OA negates the gender citation advantage that typically accrues to male political scientists

The Effect of Open Access on Citation Rates of Self-Archived Articles at Chalmers

Open Access (OA) proponents argue that OA increases the visibility and accessibility of research articles, and therefore increases the citation rate of these works. During the last decade numerous studies have been made on the possible citation advantage of OA on scholarly publications. At Chalmers University of Technology (Göteborg, Sweden) an OA policy was adopted in 2010, mandating all of its publications to be self-archived in the university repository Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). One of the arguments of the then vice chancellor was that OA would increase citations. In this study, a possible OA citation advantage of articles self-archived in CPL is examined. A total of 3424 original articles published 2010-2012 were included, 899 of which were published in full text in CPL, and 2571 that were only registered with bibliographical data. Mean normalized citation scores (MNCS) were calculated using Web of Science citation data processed by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) of Leiden University. Results show that self-archived articles have a 22% higher citation rate than articles that were not self-archived, and that the difference is statistically significant. The limitations and biases of the study are also discussed

Who is Citing Undergraduate Theses in Institutional Digital Repositories?: Implications for Scholarship and Information Literacy

Undergraduate theses are available through open access institutional repositories. Is undergraduate work being integrated into the larger body of academic research, and, if so, how? Institutional repositories containing undergraduate theses were selected and titles were searched using the forward citation feature in Google Scholar to determine if and where undergraduate scholarship is being cited. Results show that 24% of citations to senior theses were in peer-reviewed or refereed journals, and 33% in dissertations and theses. This paper addresses citation source and the potential value of undergraduate scholarship as well as the implications for information literacy instruction to senior thesis students

Negating the Gender Citation Advantage in Political Science

Open-access (OA) advocates have long promoted OA as an egalitarian alternative to traditional subscription-based academic publishing. The argument is simple: OA gives everyone access to high-quality research at no cost. In turn, this should benefit individual researchers by increasing the number of people reading and citing academic articles. As the OA movement gains traction in the academy, scholars are investing considerable research energy to determine whether there is an OA citation advantage—that is, does OA increase an article’s citation counts? Research indicates that it does. Scholars also explored patterns of gender bias in academic publishing and found that women are cited at lower rates in many disciplines. Indeed, in many disciplines, men enjoy a significant and positive gender citation effect (GCE) compared to their female colleagues. This article combines these research areas to determine whether the OA citation advantage varies by gender. Using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) tests, the nonparametric analog to the independent samples T-test, I conclude that OA benefits male and female political scientists at similar rates. Thus, OA negates the gender citation advantage that typically accrues to male political scientists

Visibilidad e impacto de la literatura gris científica en repositorios institucionales de acceso abierto. Estudio de caso bibliométrico del repositorio Gredos de la Universidad de Salamanca

Object The main objective of this work is to prove the benefits of open access as a model of scientific communication for scientific gray literature, in general, and for electronic doctoral theses, in particular. This research work aims to answer the question on visibility, usability and impact of doctoral theses deposited in open access repositories, through a bibliometric case study of Gredos repository of the University of Salamanca. Method This research comprises two parts: a theory and practice. For locating and selecting of relevant literature that support both parts of the research it conducted a systematic review of the literature. In theory part it carried a detailed study of the state of the scientific knowledge on open access, on institutional repositories as a basis for conducting the case of study of Gredos Repository of the University of Salamanca, on grey literature and doctoral theses, and on altmetrics to mesure their use and impact according the impact studies about the subject. Practice part is based on quantitative analysis of visibility, use and citation of doctoral thesis at the University of Salamanca presented in the period between 2006 and 2011. To obtain the analyzed sample it took into account, first, the data provided by TESEO database and data provided by Blázquez Ochando (2015) about TESEO; for open access PhD theses it used data provided by the repository itself. To make the use and citation analysis of PhD theses it used data about visits and downloads which were extracted of statistics module of Tasmania University installed in Gredos repository and the citation data provided by Google Scholar Citation, previously it also screened and extracted PhD theses data of Web of Science database. It developed a database with the sample of PhD theses to analyze, where it collected a number of variables and indicators on the use, visibility and citation. To work with data it used Excel and SPSS. It carried a descriptive and comparative analysis of the variables under study. The normal distribution tests were performed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. By Spearman correlation coefficient it estimated the relationship between quantitative variables of the study. To analyze the comparison of visibility and impact indicators according to areas of knowledge he used the Kruskal-Wallis tests. To find between what two groups had differences it carried comparisons (post-hoc) pairs with Dunn test. Results It is shown that the doctoral theses deposited in open access repositories reach a degree of visibility and use that not open access doctoral theses are not in any way; also it shows that doctoral theses disseminated through repositories are cited although the relationship between use and citations received is not proportional, a fact that allows us to deduce the lack of good practices on grey literature citation. Conclusions Institutional repositories are a valid channel to the dissemination of scientific grey literature, particularly the doctoral theses. It can establish a viable bibliometric analysis system for measuring visibility, use, citation and impact of theses deposited in institutional open access repositories.Objetivo. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar los beneficios del acceso abierto como modelo de comunicación científica para la literatura gris científica en general y para las tesis doctorales electrónicas en particular. El trabajo de investigación que se presenta pretende dar respuesta a la pregunta sobre la visibilidad, usabilidad e impacto de las tesis doctorales depositadas en repositorios de acceso abierto, a través de un estudio de caso bibliométrico del repositorio Gredos de la Universidad de Salamanca. Método. La presente investigación se compone de dos partes: una teórica y otra práctica. Para la localización y selección de la literatura pertinente en la que sustentar las dos partes de la investigación se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura. En la parte teórica se realizó un estudio pormenorizado del estado de la cuestión sobre el conocimiento científico en acceso abierto, sobre los repositorios institucionales como base para el caso de estudio del repositorio Gredos de la Universidad de Salamanca, sobre la literatura gris científica y las tesis doctorales, y sobre las métricas alternativas para medir su uso y su impacto teniendo en cuenta los estudios realizados sobre el tema. La parte práctica se basó en el análisis cuantitativo de visibilidad, uso y citación de las tesis doctorales de la Universidad de Salamanca leídas en el período comprendido entre 2006 y 2011. Para obtener la muestra analizada se tuvieron en cuenta, en primer lugar, los datos proporcionados por la base de datos TESEO y los datos proporcionados por Blázquez Ochando (2015) sobre TESEO; para las tesis en acceso abierto se han empleado los datos proporcionados por el propio repositorio. Para realizar el análisis de uso y citación de las tesis doctorales se utilizaron los datos sobre visitas y descargas extraídos del módulo de estadísticas de la universidad de Tasmania instalado en el repositorio Gredos y los datos sobre citas proporcionados por Google Scholar Citation, previamente también se rastrearon y extrajeron los datos sobre las tesis citadas de la base de datos Web of Science. Se elaboró una base de datos con la muestra de tesis a analizar, en la que se recogió una serie de variables e indicadores sobre el uso, la visibilidad y la citación de las mismas. Para trabajar con los datos se utilizaron Excel y SPSS. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y comparativo de las variables objeto de estudio. Las pruebas de distribución de normalidad se realizaron con el test de Kolmogórov-Smirnov. Mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman se estimó la relación entre las variables cuantitativas del estudio. Para analizar la comparación de los indicadores de visibilidad e impacto según las áreas de conocimiento se utilizó el test de Kruskal-Wallis. Para saber entre qué par de grupos había diferencias se realizaron comparaciones por pares (post-hoc) con el test Dunn. Resultados. Se demuestra que las tesis depositadas en repositorios de acceso abierto alcanzan un grado de visibilidad y uso que no tienen de ninguna forma las tesis que no están en acceso abierto; también se demuestra que las tesis doctorales difundidas a través de repositorios son citadas aunque la relación entre uso y citas recibidas no es proporcional, hecho que permite deducir la falta de buenas prácticas de citación sobre la literatura gris. Conclusiones. Los repositorios institucionales son un canal válido para la difusión de la literatura gris científica, particularmente de las tesis doctorales

O acesso livre na França em 2012: Entre imobilismo e inovação

Ten years after the Budapest Open Access Initiative, we have examined the current situation of Open Access in France via the two open access (OA) roads: the Green (self-archiving) and the Gold (OA publishing). HAL, a central multidisciplinary French archive launched in 2002, is recognized for its technical quality, but 10 years after its creation it only includes 10 to 15% of the annual French scientific output. This figure is similar to other repositories worldwide for which there is no mandatory policy (no mandate). On the other hand, archives such as that of Liège University which has a mandate, achieved an 80% deposit rate within two years. Other than HAL, a number of institutional archives are being developed in France, with Archimer and OATAO being two successful examples, thanks to dedicated library staff. In order to support the editorial offer in open access the Centre pour l'Édition électronique Ouverte (CLEO) recently launched the Open Edition Freemium. This initiative should favor the development of OA periodicals. However, the study based on the list of qualifying periodicals in Human and Social Sciences, shows that researchers are not encouraged to publish in these periodicals by national assessment bodies; very few French open access periodicals are on the different qualifying lists of the agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur (AERES - French research and higher education assessment agency). In addition, a wide disparity can be observed between disciplines. Different examples of strong policies in favor of OA are given: at the university level, as at Liège university, at the level of foundations, as at FRS-FNRS in Belgium, at the level of the Europe or at the legislative level, as attempted in the USA or Brazil or Argentina. In France the two roads are supported by interesting initiatives and these should be accompanied by strong French government policy to enable the benefits of open access to be rapidly reaped.Pour faire l'état des lieux du libre accès (LA) en France en 2012, dix ans après la Budapest Open Access Initiative, nous avons examiné les deux voies : la voie verte (l'auto-archivage) et la voie dorée (publications dans les revues en LA). L'archive centrale multidisciplinaire HAL, créée en 2002 pour recevoir les publications scientifiques au niveau national, est reconnue pour sa qualité technique, mais elle ne propose que 10% à 15 % de la production scientifique annuelle française. Ce chiffre est à l'image de ce qu'offrent toutes les autres archives dans le monde où il n'y a pas d'obligation de déposer (pas de mandat). Les archives qui ont un mandat comme celle de l'université de Liège, ont atteint un taux de 80% en deux ans. Quelques archives institutionnelles se sont développées en France parallèlement à HAL, et deux d'entre elles (Archimer and OATAO) ont un bon taux de remplissage, grâce à l'implication d'un personnel dédié. Pour soutenir les offres éditoriales en libre accès le Centre pour l'Édition électronique Ouverte (CLEO) a récemment mis en place OpenEdition Freemium. Cette initiative pourrait favoriser le développement des revues en LA. Cependant, l'étude faite à partir des revues qualifiantes en Sciences Humaines et Sociales montre que les chercheurs sont peu encouragés à publier dans ces revues par les instances d'évaluation : peu de revues en libre accès françaises sont présentes dans les listes des revues qualifiantes de l'agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur (AERES). On note aussi une forte disparité entre les disciplines. Différents exemples de politique en faveur du libre accès sont donnés : un politique forte peut être menée par des universités, comme à l'université de Liège, ou par des bailleurs de fonds, comme le FRS-FNRS en Belgique ou par l'Europe. Elle peut être entreprise au niveau législatif comme aux USA, au Brésil ou en Argentine. En France les deux voies du libre accès sont tracées par des initiatives intéressantes. Le gouvernement français devrait accompagner ces initiatives et devrait s'investir dans une politique forte pour recevoir rapidement les bénéfices du libre accès.Para verificar como está o Acesso Livre (AL) na França em 2012, dez anos após a Budapest Open Access Initiative, foram examinadas as duas vias: a via verde (auto-arquivamento) e a dourada (publicação em periódicos em AL). O arquivo central multidisciplinar HAL, criado em 2002 para receber publicações científicas em nível nacional, é reconhecido por sua qualidade técnica, mas ele apresenta apenas 10% a 15% da produção científica francesa anual. Este número espelha o que oferecem todos os outros arquivos no mundo em que não há obrigação de depósito (ou seja, não há mandato). Os arquivos com mandato, como o da Universidade de Liège, chegaram a uma taxa de 80% em dois anos. Alguns arquivos institucionais desenvolveram-se paralelamente ao HAL, e dois deles (Archimer et OATAO) mostram um bom índice de preenchimento, graças à dedicação das pessoas envolvidas. Para sustentar a oferta editorial em acesso livre, o Centre pour l'Édition électronique Ouverte (CLEO) implementou recentemente o OpenEdition Freemium. Essa iniciativa poderia favorecer o desenvolvimento dos periódicos em AL. No entanto, o estudo feito com os periódicos qualificados em Ciências Humanas e Sociais mostra que os pesquisadores são pouco estimulados a publicar nauqueles periódicos pelas instâncias avaliadoras: poucos periódicos franceses em acesso livre estão presentes nas listas de periódicos qualificados da agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur (AERES)[1]. Nota-se também uma grande disparidade entre as disciplinas. São fornecidos diversos exemplos de políticas de certos países em prol do acesso livre: uma política robusta pode ser impolementada pelas universidades, como na Universidade de Liège, pelas agências de fomento, como o FRS-FNRS na Bélgica e os Research Councils na Grã Bretanha, e também pode ser empreendida no nível legislativo, como nos Estados Unidos, no Brasil ou na Argentina. Na França, as duas vias do acesso livre são traçadas por iniciativas interessantes. O governo francês deveria acompanhar essas iniciativas e desenvolver uma política forte para obter rapidamente os benefícios do acesso livre