Digital watermarking: a state-of-the-art review

Digital watermarking is the art of embedding data, called a watermark, into a multimedia object such that the watermark can be detected or extracted later without impairing the object. Concealment of secret messages inside a natural language, known as steganography, has been in existence as early as the 16th century. However, the increase in electronic/digital information transmission and distribution has resulted in the spread of watermarking from ordinary text to multimedia transmission. In this paper, we review various approaches and methods that have been used to conceal and preserve messages. Examples of real-world applications are also discussed.SANPAD, Telkom, Cisco, Aria Technologies, THRIPDepartment of HE and Training approved lis

A Fingerprint-Based Digital Images Watermarking for Identity Authentication

In this paper the combination of fingerprint verification methods with watermarkingtechnology to provide copyright protection and authentication of digital images is proposed. The goalof this study is to investigate how watermarking processing affects the quality of biometric watermarks.Performed experiments showed that extracted fingerprint images have roughly equal verification performance even if some watermarked images undergo additional degradation. Proposed methodologywill be improved using more sophisticated fingerprint verification methods and subsequently incorporated into multimodal watermarking schemes

Fuzzy-Logic Based Call Admission Control in 5G Cloud Radio Access Networks with Pre-emption

YesFifth generation (5G) cellular networks will be comprised of millions of connected devices like wearable devices, Androids, iPhones, tablets and the Internet of Things (IoT) with a plethora of applications generating requests to the network. The 5G cellular networks need to cope with such sky-rocketing tra c requests from these devices to avoid network congestion. As such, cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) has been considered as a paradigm shift for 5G in which requests from mobile devices are processed in the cloud with shared baseband processing. Despite call admission control (CAC) being one of radio resource management techniques to avoid the network congestion, it has recently been overlooked by the community. The CAC technique in 5G C-RAN has a direct impact on the quality of service (QoS) for individual connections and overall system e ciency. In this paper, a novel Fuzzy-Logic based CAC scheme with pre-emption in C-RAN is proposed. In this scheme, cloud bursting technique is proposed to be used during congestion, where some delay tolerant low-priority connections are pre-empted and outsourced to a public cloud with a penalty charge. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has low blocking probability below 5%, high throughput, low energy consumption and up to 95% of return on revenue

Information retrieval of mass encrypted data over multimedia networking with N-level vector model-based relevancy ranking

With an explosive growth in the deployment of networked applications over the Internet, searching the encrypted information that the user needs becomes increasingly important. However, the information search precision is quite low when using Vector space model for mass information retrieval, because long documents having poor similarity values are poorly represented in the vector space model and the order in which the terms appear in the document is lost in the vector space representation with intuitive weighting. To address the problems, this study proposed an N-level vector model (NVM)-based relevancy ranking scheme with an introduction of a new formula of the term weighting, taking into account the location of the feature term in the document to describe the content of the document properly, investigated into ways of ranking the encrypted documents using the proposed scheme, and conducted realistic simulation of information retrieval of mass encrypted data over multimedia networking. Results indicated that the timing of the index building, the most costing part of the relevancy ranking scheme, increased with the increase in both the document size and the multimedia content of the document being searched, which is in agreement with the expected. Performance evaluation demonstrated that our specially designed NVM-based encrypted information retrieval system is effective in ranking the encrypted documents transmitted over multimedia networks with large recall ratio and great retrieval precision

Quality of service differentiation for multimedia delivery in wireless LANs

Delivering multimedia content to heterogeneous devices over a variable networking environment while maintaining high quality levels involves many technical challenges. The research reported in this thesis presents a solution for Quality of Service (QoS)-based service differentiation when delivering multimedia content over the wireless LANs. This thesis has three major contributions outlined below: 1. A Model-based Bandwidth Estimation algorithm (MBE), which estimates the available bandwidth based on novel TCP and UDP throughput models over IEEE 802.11 WLANs. MBE has been modelled, implemented, and tested through simulations and real life testing. In comparison with other bandwidth estimation techniques, MBE shows better performance in terms of error rate, overhead, and loss. 2. An intelligent Prioritized Adaptive Scheme (iPAS), which provides QoS service differentiation for multimedia delivery in wireless networks. iPAS assigns dynamic priorities to various streams and determines their bandwidth share by employing a probabilistic approach-which makes use of stereotypes. The total bandwidth to be allocated is estimated using MBE. The priority level of individual stream is variable and dependent on stream-related characteristics and delivery QoS parameters. iPAS can be deployed seamlessly over the original IEEE 802.11 protocols and can be included in the IEEE 802.21 framework in order to optimize the control signal communication. iPAS has been modelled, implemented, and evaluated via simulations. The results demonstrate that iPAS achieves better performance than the equal channel access mechanism over IEEE 802.11 DCF and a service differentiation scheme on top of IEEE 802.11e EDCA, in terms of fairness, throughput, delay, loss, and estimated PSNR. Additionally, both objective and subjective video quality assessment have been performed using a prototype system. 3. A QoS-based Downlink/Uplink Fairness Scheme, which uses the stereotypes-based structure to balance the QoS parameters (i.e. throughput, delay, and loss) between downlink and uplink VoIP traffic. The proposed scheme has been modelled and tested through simulations. The results show that, in comparison with other downlink/uplink fairness-oriented solutions, the proposed scheme performs better in terms of VoIP capacity and fairness level between downlink and uplink traffic