IMG-GUARD: Watermark Based Approach for Image Privacy in OSN Framework

A social networking service (also social networking site, SNS or social media) is an online platform that is used by people to build social networks or social relations with another persons who are share their own details or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate a range of new information and various tools such as availability personal computers, mobile devices such as tablet computers and smart phones, digital photo/video/sharing and "web logging" diary entries online (blogging). While Online Social Networks (OSNs) enable users to share photos easily, they also expose users to several privacy threats from both the OSNs and external entities. The current privacy controls on social networks are far from adequate, resulting in inappropriate flows of information when users fail to understand their privacy settings or OSNs fail to implement policies correctly. Social networks may be complicated because of privacy expectations when they reserve the right to analyze uploaded photos using automated watermarking technique. A user who uploads digital data such as image to their home page may wish to share it with only mutual friends, which OSNs partially satisfy with privacy settings. In this paper, we concentrate to solve the privacy violation problem occurred when images are published on the online social networks without the permission. According to such images are always shared after uploading process. Therefore, the digital image watermarking based on DWT co-efficient. Watermark bits are embedded in uploaded images. Watermarked images are shared in user homages can be difficult to misuse by other persons

Towards a Systematic Approach of Relational Database Watermarking

Nowadays more and more data of socio-technical systems become available online to anyone interested to access it or process it (without data alteration or copyright infringement). Generally, these data are stored in relational databases. However, to comply with this new paradigm new models of data access and security are necessary. One upcoming trend for relational databases is to watermark the database instance, i.e. to compute a secret code, which can be either embedded directly into the database or registered to a trusted authority. Current watermarking schemes only apply to either a particular database relation or index and, generally, distort the data. In this paper, we propose a methodology for distortion-free watermarking of both the database schema and instance that takes into account the database semantics, its dynamic, and also ensuring various security levels within the database. A possible scenario on using this methodology on a real-world database is also available

Assessing the vulnerabilities and securing MongoDB and Cassandra databases

Due to the increasing amounts and the different kinds of data that need to be stored in the databases, companies, and organizations are rapidly adopting NoSQL databases to compete. These databases were not designed with security as a priority. NoSQL open-source software was primarily developed to handle unstructured data for the purpose of business intelligence and decision support. Over the years, security features have been added to these databases but they are not as robust as they should be, and there is a scope for improvement as the sophistication of the hackers has been increasing. Moreover, the schema-less design of these databases makes it more difficult to implement traditional RDBMS like security features in these databases. Two popular NoSQL databases are MongoDB and Apache Cassandra. Although there is a lot of research related to security vulnerabilities and suggestions to improve the security of NoSQL databases, this research focusses specifically on MongoDB and Cassandra databases. This study aims to identify and analyze all the security vulnerabilities that MongoDB and Cassandra databases have that are specific to them and come up with a step-by-step guide that can help organizations to secure their data stored in these databases. This is very important because the design and vulnerabilities of each NoSQL database are different from one another and hence require security recommendations that are specific to them

Design of a secure architecture for the exchange of biomedical information in m-Health scenarios

El paradigma de m-Salud (salud móvil) aboga por la integración masiva de las más avanzadas tecnologías de comunicación, red móvil y sensores en aplicaciones y sistemas de salud, para fomentar el despliegue de un nuevo modelo de atención clínica centrada en el usuario/paciente. Este modelo tiene por objetivos el empoderamiento de los usuarios en la gestión de su propia salud (p.ej. aumentando sus conocimientos, promocionando estilos de vida saludable y previniendo enfermedades), la prestación de una mejor tele-asistencia sanitaria en el hogar para ancianos y pacientes crónicos y una notable disminución del gasto de los Sistemas de Salud gracias a la reducción del número y la duración de las hospitalizaciones. No obstante, estas ventajas, atribuidas a las aplicaciones de m-Salud, suelen venir acompañadas del requisito de un alto grado de disponibilidad de la información biomédica de sus usuarios para garantizar una alta calidad de servicio, p.ej. fusionar varias señales de un usuario para obtener un diagnóstico más preciso. La consecuencia negativa de cumplir esta demanda es el aumento directo de las superficies potencialmente vulnerables a ataques, lo que sitúa a la seguridad (y a la privacidad) del modelo de m-Salud como factor crítico para su éxito. Como requisito no funcional de las aplicaciones de m-Salud, la seguridad ha recibido menos atención que otros requisitos técnicos que eran más urgentes en etapas de desarrollo previas, tales como la robustez, la eficiencia, la interoperabilidad o la usabilidad. Otro factor importante que ha contribuido a retrasar la implementación de políticas de seguridad sólidas es que garantizar un determinado nivel de seguridad implica unos costes que pueden ser muy relevantes en varias dimensiones, en especial en la económica (p.ej. sobrecostes por la inclusión de hardware extra para la autenticación de usuarios), en el rendimiento (p.ej. reducción de la eficiencia y de la interoperabilidad debido a la integración de elementos de seguridad) y en la usabilidad (p.ej. configuración más complicada de dispositivos y aplicaciones de salud debido a las nuevas opciones de seguridad). Por tanto, las soluciones de seguridad que persigan satisfacer a todos los actores del contexto de m-Salud (usuarios, pacientes, personal médico, personal técnico, legisladores, fabricantes de dispositivos y equipos, etc.) deben ser robustas y al mismo tiempo minimizar sus costes asociados. Esta Tesis detalla una propuesta de seguridad, compuesta por cuatro grandes bloques interconectados, para dotar de seguridad a las arquitecturas de m-Salud con unos costes reducidos. El primer bloque define un esquema global que proporciona unos niveles de seguridad e interoperabilidad acordes con las características de las distintas aplicaciones de m-Salud. Este esquema está compuesto por tres capas diferenciadas, diseñadas a la medidas de los dominios de m-Salud y de sus restricciones, incluyendo medidas de seguridad adecuadas para la defensa contra las amenazas asociadas a sus aplicaciones de m-Salud. El segundo bloque establece la extensión de seguridad de aquellos protocolos estándar que permiten la adquisición, el intercambio y/o la administración de información biomédica -- por tanto, usados por muchas aplicaciones de m-Salud -- pero no reúnen los niveles de seguridad detallados en el esquema previo. Estas extensiones se concretan para los estándares biomédicos ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD y SCP-ECG. El tercer bloque propone nuevas formas de fortalecer la seguridad de los tests biomédicos, que constituyen el elemento esencial de muchas aplicaciones de m-Salud de carácter clínico, mediante codificaciones novedosas. Finalmente el cuarto bloque, que se sitúa en paralelo a los anteriores, selecciona herramientas genéricas de seguridad (elementos de autenticación y criptográficos) cuya integración en los otros bloques resulta idónea, y desarrolla nuevas herramientas de seguridad, basadas en señal -- embedding y keytagging --, para reforzar la protección de los test biomédicos.The paradigm of m-Health (mobile health) advocates for the massive integration of advanced mobile communications, network and sensor technologies in healthcare applications and systems to foster the deployment of a new, user/patient-centered healthcare model enabling the empowerment of users in the management of their health (e.g. by increasing their health literacy, promoting healthy lifestyles and the prevention of diseases), a better home-based healthcare delivery for elderly and chronic patients and important savings for healthcare systems due to the reduction of hospitalizations in number and duration. It is a fact that many m-Health applications demand high availability of biomedical information from their users (for further accurate analysis, e.g. by fusion of various signals) to guarantee high quality of service, which on the other hand entails increasing the potential surfaces for attacks. Therefore, it is not surprising that security (and privacy) is commonly included among the most important barriers for the success of m-Health. As a non-functional requirement for m-Health applications, security has received less attention than other technical issues that were more pressing at earlier development stages, such as reliability, eficiency, interoperability or usability. Another fact that has contributed to delaying the enforcement of robust security policies is that guaranteeing a certain security level implies costs that can be very relevant and that span along diferent dimensions. These include budgeting (e.g. the demand of extra hardware for user authentication), performance (e.g. lower eficiency and interoperability due to the addition of security elements) and usability (e.g. cumbersome configuration of devices and applications due to security options). Therefore, security solutions that aim to satisfy all the stakeholders in the m-Health context (users/patients, medical staff, technical staff, systems and devices manufacturers, regulators, etc.) shall be robust and, at the same time, minimize their associated costs. This Thesis details a proposal, composed of four interrelated blocks, to integrate appropriate levels of security in m-Health architectures in a cost-efcient manner. The first block designes a global scheme that provides different security and interoperability levels accordingto how critical are the m-Health applications to be implemented. This consists ofthree layers tailored to the m-Health domains and their constraints, whose security countermeasures defend against the threats of their associated m-Health applications. Next, the second block addresses the security extension of those standard protocols that enable the acquisition, exchange and/or management of biomedical information | thus, used by many m-Health applications | but do not meet the security levels described in the former scheme. These extensions are materialized for the biomedical standards ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD and SCP-ECG. Then, the third block proposes new ways of enhancing the security of biomedical standards, which are the centerpiece of many clinical m-Health applications, by means of novel codings. Finally the fourth block, with is parallel to the others, selects generic security methods (for user authentication and cryptographic protection) whose integration in the other blocks results optimal, and also develops novel signal-based methods (embedding and keytagging) for strengthening the security of biomedical tests. The layer-based extensions of the standards ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD and SCP-ECG can be considered as robust, cost-eficient and respectful with their original features and contents. The former adds no attributes to its data information model, four new frames to the service model |and extends four with new sub-frames|, and only one new sub-state to the communication model. Furthermore, a lightweight architecture consisting of a personal health device mounting a 9 MHz processor and an aggregator mounting a 1 GHz processor is enough to transmit a 3-lead electrocardiogram in real-time implementing the top security layer. The extra requirements associated to this extension are an initial configuration of the health device and the aggregator, tokens for identification/authentication of users if these devices are to be shared and the implementation of certain IHE profiles in the aggregator to enable the integration of measurements in healthcare systems. As regards to the extension of SCP-ECG, it only adds a new section with selected security elements and syntax in order to protect the rest of file contents and provide proper role-based access control. The overhead introduced in the protected SCP-ECG is typically 2{13 % of the regular file size, and the extra delays to protect a newly generated SCP-ECG file and to access it for interpretation are respectively a 2{10 % and a 5 % of the regular delays. As regards to the signal-based security techniques developed, the embedding method is the basis for the proposal of a generic coding for tests composed of biomedical signals, periodic measurements and contextual information. This has been adjusted and evaluated with electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram-based tests, proving the objective clinical quality of the coded tests, the capacity of the coding-access system to operate in real-time (overall delays of 2 s for electrocardiograms and 3.3 s for electroencephalograms) and its high usability. Despite of the embedding of security and metadata to enable m-Health services, the compression ratios obtained by this coding range from ' 3 in real-time transmission to ' 5 in offline operation. Complementarily, keytagging permits associating information to images (and other signals) by means of keys in a secure and non-distorting fashion, which has been availed to implement security measures such as image authentication, integrity control and location of tampered areas, private captioning with role-based access control, traceability and copyright protection. The tests conducted indicate a remarkable robustness-capacity tradeoff that permits implementing all this measures simultaneously, and the compatibility of keytagging with JPEG2000 compression, maintaining this tradeoff while setting the overall keytagging delay in only ' 120 ms for any image size | evidencing the scalability of this technique. As a general conclusion, it has been demonstrated and illustrated with examples that there are various, complementary and structured manners to contribute in the implementation of suitable security levels for m-Health architectures with a moderate cost in budget, performance, interoperability and usability. The m-Health landscape is evolving permanently along all their dimensions, and this Thesis aims to do so with its security. Furthermore, the lessons learned herein may offer further guidance for the elaboration of more comprehensive and updated security schemes, for the extension of other biomedical standards featuring low emphasis on security or privacy, and for the improvement of the state of the art regarding signal-based protection methods and applications

Security strategies in genomic files

There are new mechanisms to sequence and process the genomic code, discovering thus diagnostic tools and treatments. The file for a sequenced genome can reach hundreds of gigabytes. Thus, for further studies, we need new means to compress the information and a standardized representation to simplify the development of new tools. The ISO standardization group MPEG has used its expertise in compressing multimedia content to compress genomic information and develop its ´MPEG-G standard’. Given the sensitivity of the data, security is a major identified requirement. This thesis proposes novel technologies that assure the security of both the sequenced data and its metadata. We define a container-based file format to group data, metadata, and security information at the syntactical level. It includes new features like grouping multiple results in a same file to simplify the transport of whole studies. We use the granularity of the encoder’s output to enhance security. The information is represented in units, each dedicated to a specific region of the genome, which allows to provide encryption and signature features on a region base. We analyze the trade-off between security and an even more fine-grained approach and prove that apparently secure settings can be insecure: if the file creator may encrypt only specific elements of a unit, cross-checking unencrypted information permits to infer encrypted content. Most of the proposals for MPEG-G coming from other research groups and companies focused on data compression and representation. However, the need was recognized to find a solution for metadata encoding. Our proposal was included in the standard: an XML-based solution, separated in a core specification and extensions. It permits to adapt the metadata schema to the different genomic repositories' frameworks, without importing requirements from one framework to another. To simplify the handling of the resulting metadata, we define profiles, i.e. lists of extensions that must be present in a given framework. We use XML signature and XML encryption for metadata security. The MPEG requirements also concern access rules. Our privacy solutions limit the range of persons with access and we propose access rules represented with XACML to convey under which circumstances a user is granted access to a specific action among the ones specified in MPEG-G's API, e.g. filtering data by attributes. We also specify algorithms to combine multiple rules by defining default behaviors and exceptions. The standard’s security mechanisms protect the information only during transport and access. Once the data is obtained, the user could publish it. In order to identify leakers, we propose an algorithm that generates unique, virtually undetectable variations. Our solution is novel as the marking can be undone (and the utility of the data preserved) if the corresponding secret key is revealed. We also show how to combine multiple secret keys to avoid collusion. The API retained for MPEG-G considers search criteria not present in the indexing tables, which highlights shortcomings. Based on the proposed MPEG-G API we have developed a solution. It is based on a collaboration framework where the different users' needs and the patient's privacy settings result in a purpose-built file format that optimizes query times and provides privacy and authenticity on the patient-defined genomic regions. The encrypted output units are created and indexed to optimize query times and avoid rarely used indexing fields. Our approach resolves the shortcomings of MPEG-G's indexing strategy. We have submitted our technologies to the MPEG standardization committee. Many have been included in the final standard, via merging with other proposals (e.g. file format), discussion (e.g. security mechanisms), or direct acceptance (e.g. privacy rules).Hi han nous mètodes per la seqüenciació i el processament del codi genòmic, permetent descobrir eines de diagnòstic i tractaments en l’àmbit mèdic. El resultat de la seqüenciació d’un genoma es representa en un fitxer, que pot ocupar centenars de gigabytes. Degut a això, hi ha una necessitat d’una representació estandarditzada on la informació és comprimida. Dins de la ISO, el grup MPEG ha fet servir la seva experiència en compressió de dades multimèdia per comprimir dades genòmiques i desenvolupar l'estàndard MPEG-G, sent la seguretat un dels requeriments principals. L'objectiu de la tesi és garantir aquesta seguretat (encriptant, firmant i definint regles d¿ accés) tan per les dades seqüenciades com per les seves metadades. El primer pas és definir com transportar les dades, metadades i paràmetres de seguretat. Especifiquem un format de fitxer basat en contenidors per tal d'agrupar aquets elements a nivell sintàctic. La nostra solució proposa noves funcionalitats com agrupar múltiples resultats en un mateix fitxer. Pel que fa la seguretat de dades, la nostra proposta utilitza les propietats de la sortida del codificador. Aquesta sortida és estructurada en unitats, cadascuna dedicada a una regió concreta del genoma, permetent una encriptació i firma de dades específica a la unitat. Analitzem el compromís entre seguretat i un enfocament de gra més fi demostrant que configuracions aparentment vàlides poden no ser-ho: si es permet encriptar sols certes sub-unitats d'informació, creuant els continguts no encriptats, podem inferir el contingut encriptat. Quant a metadades, proposem una solució basada en XML separada en una especificació bàsica i en extensions. Podem adaptar l'esquema de metadades als diferents marcs de repositoris genòmics, sense imposar requeriments d’un marc a un altre. Per simplificar l'ús, plantegem la definició de perfils, és a dir, una llista de les extensions que han de ser present per un marc concret. Fem servir firmes XML i encriptació XML per implementar la seguretat de les metadades. Les nostres solucions per la privacitat limiten qui té accés a les dades, però no en limita l’ús. Proposem regles d’accés representades amb XACML per indicar en quines circumstàncies un usuari té dret d'executar una de les accions especificades a l'API de MPEG-G (per exemple, filtrar les dades per atributs). Presentem algoritmes per combinar regles, per tal de poder definir casos per defecte i excepcions. Els mecanismes de seguretat de MPEG-G protegeixen la informació durant el transport i l'accés. Una vegada l’usuari ha accedit a les dades, les podria publicar. Per tal d'identificar qui és l'origen del filtratge de dades, proposem un algoritme que genera modificacions úniques i virtualment no detectables. La nostra solució és pionera, ja que els canvis es poden desfer si el secret corresponent és publicat. Per tant, la utilitat de les dades és mantinguda. Demostrem que combinant varis secrets, podem evitar col·lusions. L'API seleccionada per MPEG-G, considera criteris de cerca que no són presents en les taules d’indexació. Basant-nos en aquesta API, hem desenvolupat una solució. És basada en un marc de col·laboració, on la combinació de les necessitats dels diferents usuaris i els requeriments de privacitat del pacient, es combinen en una representació ad-hoc que optimitza temps d’accessos tot i garantint la privacitat i autenticitat de les dades. La majoria de les nostres propostes s’han inclòs a la versió final de l'estàndard, fusionant-les amb altres proposes (com amb el format del fitxer), demostrant la seva superioritat (com amb els mecanismes de seguretat), i fins i tot sent acceptades directament (com amb les regles de privacitat)

Intelligent Mobile Edge Computing Integrated with Blockchain Security Analysis for Millimetre-Wave Communication

 With the increase in number of devices enabled the Internet of Things (IoT) communication with the centralized cloud computing model. With the implementation of the cloud computing model leads to increased Quality of Service (QoS). The cloud computing model provides the edge computing technologies for the real-time application to achieve reliability and security. Edge computing is considered the extension of the cloud computing technology involved in transfer of the sensitive information in the cloud edge to increase the network security. The real-time data transmission realizes the interaction with the high frequency to derive improved network security. However, with edge computing server security is considered as sensitive privacy information maintenance. The information generated from the IoT devices are separated based on stored edge servers based on the service location. Edge computing data is separated based in edge servers for the guaranteed data integrity for the data loss and storage. Blockchain technologies are subjected to different security problem for the data integrity through integrated blockchain technologies. This paper developed a Voted Blockchain Elliptical Curve Cryptography (VBECC) model for the millimetre wave application. The examination of the blockchain model is evaluated based on the edge computing architecture. The VBECC model develop an architectural model based Blockchain technology with the voting scheme for the millimetre application. The estimated voting scheme computes the edge computing technologies for the estimation of features through ECC model. The VBECC model computes the security model for the data transmission in the edge computing-based millimetre application. The experimental analysis stated that VBECC model uses the data security model ~8% increased performance than the conventional technique

Security strategies in genomic files

There are new mechanisms to sequence and process the genomic code, discovering thus diagnostic tools and treatments. The file for a sequenced genome can reach hundreds of gigabytes. Thus, for further studies, we need new means to compress the information and a standardized representation to simplify the development of new tools. The ISO standardization group MPEG has used its expertise in compressing multimedia content to compress genomic information and develop its ´MPEG-G standard’. Given the sensitivity of the data, security is a major identified requirement. This thesis proposes novel technologies that assure the security of both the sequenced data and its metadata. We define a container-based file format to group data, metadata, and security information at the syntactical level. It includes new features like grouping multiple results in a same file to simplify the transport of whole studies. We use the granularity of the encoder’s output to enhance security. The information is represented in units, each dedicated to a specific region of the genome, which allows to provide encryption and signature features on a region base. We analyze the trade-off between security and an even more fine-grained approach and prove that apparently secure settings can be insecure: if the file creator may encrypt only specific elements of a unit, cross-checking unencrypted information permits to infer encrypted content. Most of the proposals for MPEG-G coming from other research groups and companies focused on data compression and representation. However, the need was recognized to find a solution for metadata encoding. Our proposal was included in the standard: an XML-based solution, separated in a core specification and extensions. It permits to adapt the metadata schema to the different genomic repositories' frameworks, without importing requirements from one framework to another. To simplify the handling of the resulting metadata, we define profiles, i.e. lists of extensions that must be present in a given framework. We use XML signature and XML encryption for metadata security. The MPEG requirements also concern access rules. Our privacy solutions limit the range of persons with access and we propose access rules represented with XACML to convey under which circumstances a user is granted access to a specific action among the ones specified in MPEG-G's API, e.g. filtering data by attributes. We also specify algorithms to combine multiple rules by defining default behaviors and exceptions. The standard’s security mechanisms protect the information only during transport and access. Once the data is obtained, the user could publish it. In order to identify leakers, we propose an algorithm that generates unique, virtually undetectable variations. Our solution is novel as the marking can be undone (and the utility of the data preserved) if the corresponding secret key is revealed. We also show how to combine multiple secret keys to avoid collusion. The API retained for MPEG-G considers search criteria not present in the indexing tables, which highlights shortcomings. Based on the proposed MPEG-G API we have developed a solution. It is based on a collaboration framework where the different users' needs and the patient's privacy settings result in a purpose-built file format that optimizes query times and provides privacy and authenticity on the patient-defined genomic regions. The encrypted output units are created and indexed to optimize query times and avoid rarely used indexing fields. Our approach resolves the shortcomings of MPEG-G's indexing strategy. We have submitted our technologies to the MPEG standardization committee. Many have been included in the final standard, via merging with other proposals (e.g. file format), discussion (e.g. security mechanisms), or direct acceptance (e.g. privacy rules).Hi han nous mètodes per la seqüenciació i el processament del codi genòmic, permetent descobrir eines de diagnòstic i tractaments en l’àmbit mèdic. El resultat de la seqüenciació d’un genoma es representa en un fitxer, que pot ocupar centenars de gigabytes. Degut a això, hi ha una necessitat d’una representació estandarditzada on la informació és comprimida. Dins de la ISO, el grup MPEG ha fet servir la seva experiència en compressió de dades multimèdia per comprimir dades genòmiques i desenvolupar l'estàndard MPEG-G, sent la seguretat un dels requeriments principals. L'objectiu de la tesi és garantir aquesta seguretat (encriptant, firmant i definint regles d¿ accés) tan per les dades seqüenciades com per les seves metadades. El primer pas és definir com transportar les dades, metadades i paràmetres de seguretat. Especifiquem un format de fitxer basat en contenidors per tal d'agrupar aquets elements a nivell sintàctic. La nostra solució proposa noves funcionalitats com agrupar múltiples resultats en un mateix fitxer. Pel que fa la seguretat de dades, la nostra proposta utilitza les propietats de la sortida del codificador. Aquesta sortida és estructurada en unitats, cadascuna dedicada a una regió concreta del genoma, permetent una encriptació i firma de dades específica a la unitat. Analitzem el compromís entre seguretat i un enfocament de gra més fi demostrant que configuracions aparentment vàlides poden no ser-ho: si es permet encriptar sols certes sub-unitats d'informació, creuant els continguts no encriptats, podem inferir el contingut encriptat. Quant a metadades, proposem una solució basada en XML separada en una especificació bàsica i en extensions. Podem adaptar l'esquema de metadades als diferents marcs de repositoris genòmics, sense imposar requeriments d’un marc a un altre. Per simplificar l'ús, plantegem la definició de perfils, és a dir, una llista de les extensions que han de ser present per un marc concret. Fem servir firmes XML i encriptació XML per implementar la seguretat de les metadades. Les nostres solucions per la privacitat limiten qui té accés a les dades, però no en limita l’ús. Proposem regles d’accés representades amb XACML per indicar en quines circumstàncies un usuari té dret d'executar una de les accions especificades a l'API de MPEG-G (per exemple, filtrar les dades per atributs). Presentem algoritmes per combinar regles, per tal de poder definir casos per defecte i excepcions. Els mecanismes de seguretat de MPEG-G protegeixen la informació durant el transport i l'accés. Una vegada l’usuari ha accedit a les dades, les podria publicar. Per tal d'identificar qui és l'origen del filtratge de dades, proposem un algoritme que genera modificacions úniques i virtualment no detectables. La nostra solució és pionera, ja que els canvis es poden desfer si el secret corresponent és publicat. Per tant, la utilitat de les dades és mantinguda. Demostrem que combinant varis secrets, podem evitar col·lusions. L'API seleccionada per MPEG-G, considera criteris de cerca que no són presents en les taules d’indexació. Basant-nos en aquesta API, hem desenvolupat una solució. És basada en un marc de col·laboració, on la combinació de les necessitats dels diferents usuaris i els requeriments de privacitat del pacient, es combinen en una representació ad-hoc que optimitza temps d’accessos tot i garantint la privacitat i autenticitat de les dades. La majoria de les nostres propostes s’han inclòs a la versió final de l'estàndard, fusionant-les amb altres proposes (com amb el format del fitxer), demostrant la seva superioritat (com amb els mecanismes de seguretat), i fins i tot sent acceptades directament (com amb les regles de privacitat)

Internet of Things data contextualisation for scalable information processing, security, and privacy

The Internet of Things (IoT) interconnects billions of sensors and other devices (i.e., things) via the internet, enabling novel services and products that are becoming increasingly important for industry, government, education and society in general. It is estimated that by 2025, the number of IoT devices will exceed 50 billion, which is seven times the estimated human population at that time. With such a tremendous increase in the number of IoT devices, the data they generate is also increasing exponentially and needs to be analysed and secured more efficiently. This gives rise to what is appearing to be the most significant challenge for the IoT: Novel, scalable solutions are required to analyse and secure the extraordinary amount of data generated by tens of billions of IoT devices. Currently, no solutions exist in the literature that provide scalable and secure IoT scale data processing. In this thesis, a novel scalable approach is proposed for processing and securing IoT scale data, which we refer to as contextualisation. The contextualisation solution aims to exclude irrelevant IoT data from processing and address data analysis and security considerations via the use of contextual information. More specifically, contextualisation can effectively reduce the volume, velocity and variety of data that needs to be processed and secured in IoT applications. This contextualisation-based data reduction can subsequently provide IoT applications with the scalability needed for IoT scale knowledge extraction and information security. IoT scale applications, such as smart parking or smart healthcare systems, can benefit from the proposed method, which  improves the scalability of data processing as well as the security and privacy of data.   The main contributions of this thesis are: 1) An introduction to context and contextualisation for IoT applications; 2) a contextualisation methodology for IoT-based applications that is modelled around observation, orientation, decision and action loops; 3) a collection of contextualisation techniques and a corresponding software platform for IoT data processing (referred to as contextualisation-as-a-service or ConTaaS) that enables highly scalable data analysis, security and privacy solutions; and 4) an evaluation of ConTaaS in several IoT applications to demonstrate that our contextualisation techniques permit data analysis, security and privacy solutions to remain linear, even in situations where the number of IoT data points increases exponentially