Adaptive reconfigurable voting for enhanced reliability in medium-grained fault tolerant architectures

The impact of SRAM-based FPGAs is constantly growing in aerospace industry despite the fact that their volatile configuration memory is highly susceptible to radiation effects. Therefore, strong fault-handling mechanisms have to be developed in order to protect the design and make it capable of fighting against both soft and permanent errors. In this paper, a fully reconfigurable medium-grained triple modular redundancy (TMR) architecture which forms part of a runtime adaptive on-board processor (OBP) is presented. Fault mitigation is extended to the voting mechanism by applying our reconfiguration methodology not only to domain replicas but also to the voter itself. The proposed approach takes advantage of adaptive configuration placement and modular property of the OBP, thus allowing on-line creation of different medium-grained TMRs and selection of their granularity level. Consequently, we are able to narrow down the fault-affected area thus making the error recovery process faster and less power consuming. The conventional hardware based voting is supported by the ICAP-based one in order to additionally strengthen the reconfigurable intermediate voting. In addition, the implementation methodology ensures using only one memory footprint for all voters and their voting adaptations thus saving storing resources in expensive rad-hard memories

Optimizing Scrubbing by Netlist Analysis for FPGA Configuration Bit Classification and Floorplanning

Existing scrubbing techniques for SEU mitigation on FPGAs do not guarantee an error-free operation after SEU recovering if the affected configuration bits do belong to feedback loops of the implemented circuits. In this paper, we a) provide a netlist-based circuit analysis technique to distinguish so-called critical configuration bits from essential bits in order to identify configuration bits which will need also state-restoring actions after a recovered SEU and which not. Furthermore, b) an alternative classification approach using fault injection is developed in order to compare both classification techniques. Moreover, c) we will propose a floorplanning approach for reducing the effective number of scrubbed frames and d), experimental results will give evidence that our optimization methodology not only allows to detect errors earlier but also to minimize the Mean-Time-To-Repair (MTTR) of a circuit considerably. In particular, we show that by using our approach, the MTTR for datapath-intensive circuits can be reduced by up to 48.5% in comparison to standard approaches

Integrated photonics modular arithmetic processor

Integrated photonics computing has emerged as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of electronic processors in the post-Moore era, capitalizing on the superiority of photonic systems. However, present integrated photonics computing systems face challenges in achieving high-precision calculations, consequently limiting their potential applications, and their heavy reliance on analog-to-digital (AD) and digital-to-analog (DA) conversion interfaces undermines their performance. Here we propose an innovative photonic computing architecture featuring scalable calculation precision and a novel photonic conversion interface. By leveraging Residue Number System (RNS) theory, the high-precision calculation is decomposed into multiple low-precision modular arithmetic operations executed through optical phase manipulation. Those operations directly interact with the digital system via our proposed optical digital-to-phase converter (ODPC) and phase-to-digital converter (OPDC). Through experimental demonstrations, we showcase a calculation precision of 9 bits and verify the feasibility of the ODPC/OPDC photonic interface. This approach paves the path towards liberating photonic computing from the constraints imposed by limited precision and AD/DA converters.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figure

Cross-layer Soft Error Analysis and Mitigation at Nanoscale Technologies

This thesis addresses the challenge of soft error modeling and mitigation in nansoscale technology nodes and pushes the state-of-the-art forward by proposing novel modeling, analyze and mitigation techniques. The proposed soft error sensitivity analysis platform accurately models both error generation and propagation starting from a technology dependent device level simulations all the way to workload dependent application level analysis

衛星受信機のための動的部分再構成型復調器の設計と実装

九州工業大学博士学位論文 学位記番号：工博甲第461号 学位授与年月日：平成30年9月21日1: Introduction|2: Background and Literature Review|3: Dynamic Partial Reconfigurable Demodulation System – Classification|4: DPRDS – DPR|5: ICAP Multiple Access by DPRDS and SEU Mitigation Systems|6: Conclusion and Future Perspective九州工業大学平成30年

High-level synthesis of triple modular redundant FPGA circuits with energy efficient error recovery mechanisms

There is a growing interest in deploying commercial SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuits in space due to their low cost, reconfigurability, high logic capacity and rich I/O interfaces. However, their configuration memory (CM) is vulnerable to ionising radiation which raises the need for effective fault-tolerant design techniques. This thesis provides the following contributions to mitigate the negative effects of soft errors in SRAM FPGA circuits. Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) with periodic CM scrubbing or Module-based CM error recovery (MER) are popular techniques for mitigating soft errors in FPGA circuits. However, this thesis shows that MER does not recover CM soft errors in logic instantiated outside the reconfigurable regions of TMR modules. To address this limitation, a hybrid error recovery mechanism, namely FMER, is proposed. FMER uses selective periodic scrubbing and MER to recover CM soft errors inside and outside the reconfigurable regions of TMR modules, respectively. Experimental results indicate that TMR circuits with FMER achieve higher dependability with less energy consumption than those using periodic scrubbing or MER alone. An imperative component of MER and FMER is the reconfiguration control network (RCN) that transfers the minority reports of TMR components, i.e., which, if any, TMR module needs recovery, to the FPGA's reconfiguration controller (RC). Although several reliable RCs have been proposed, a study of reliable RCNs has not been previously reported. This thesis fills this research gap, by proposing a technique that transfers the circuit's minority reports to the RC via the configuration-layer of the FPGA. This reduces the resource utilisation of the RCN and therefore its failure rate. Results show that the proposed RCN achieves higher reliability than alternative RCN architectures reported in the literature. The last contribution of this thesis is a high-level synthesis (HLS) tool, namely TLegUp, developed within the LegUp HLS framework. TLegUp triplicates Xilinx 7-series FPGA circuits during HLS rather than during the register-transfer level pre- or post-synthesis flow stage, as existing computer-aided design tools do. Results show that TLegUp can generate non-partitioned TMR circuits with 500x less soft error sensitivity than non-triplicated functional equivalent baseline circuits, while utilising 3-4x more resources and having 11% lower frequency

Caracterización de la tolerancia a fallos de circuitos implementados en FPGAs

213 p.Las FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Array) y los SoC (System-on-chip) basados en FPGA son dispositivos electrónicos configurables en campo (in field), que ofrecen la posibilidad de desarrollar un circuito a medida con un tiempo de salida al mercado y unos costes de diseño reducidos en comparación con los ASICs. Debido a la reducción continua del tamaño de los transistores, las prestaciones de estos dispositivos se están incrementando de manera vertiginosa en las últimas décadas, lo que ha generado interés en sectores muy específicos como automoción, ferroviario, industrial, aviónico o aeroespacial. En estos sectores se exige que los diseños estén orientados a confiabilidad y que cumplan con diversas normativas de seguridad, lo que requiere de métodos para la estimación y justificación de la tasa de fallos del sistema. El problema radica en que las FPGAs son especialmente susceptibles al SEU (Single Event Upset) generado por radiación en la memoria de configuración, un tipo de error que provoca la modificación aleatoria de uno o más bits de dicha memoria, afectando al circuito implementado. Por lo tanto, los diseños orientados a confiabilidad que utilicen FPGAs comerciales han de considerar la inclusión de una serie de medidas y mecanismos para mitigar sus efectos. No solo eso, sino que también es necesaria la aplicación de mecanismos de evaluación para corroborar que las estrategias aplicadas permiten alcanzar los objetivos de confiabilidad. De entre los diferentes procedimientos de evaluación aplicables se destaca la emulación de SEUs, que consiste en programar el dispositivo con un archivo intencionadamente corrompido para que se almacene contenido erróneo en la memoria de configuración, lo que genera un efecto análogo al SEU. Se han estudiado diferentes metodologías de emulación en la literatura y se han observado una serie de deficiencias. Por un lado, los métodos de emulación internos (los errores se inyectan desde la propia FPGA) tienen el problema de ser autobloqueantes, ya que el error inyectado puede afectar al propio sistema de emulación. Por otro lado, los sistemas de emulación externos pueden requerir cambios importantes a nivel de hardware.El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el desarrollo de un mecanismo de emulación de SEUs que pueda implementarse de manera sencilla en sistemas ya construidos, cuyo único requisito es que dicho sistema tenga un SoC FPGA del tipo Zynq o similar. Además, se pretenden solventar las deficiencias observadas en la literatura aprovechando las diferentes capacidades que ofrecen los SoCs que combinan FPGA y sistema procesador (PS). Para ello se ha planteado la implementación del sistema de inyección de errores en el PS, ya que de esta manera se previenen las inyecciones de errores bloqueantes. De igual modo, aunque las inyecciones de realicen desde fuera de la FPGA, las inyecciones se llevan a cabo desde el interior del propio chip, evitando la necesidad de añadir modificaciones en el hardware. Se ha propuesto un esquema de verificación universal independiente de la aplicación, de modo que el esquema de test pueda ser adaptado a diferentes sistemas de forma sencilla, independientemente de su complejidad.Una vez planteada la metodología de emulación, se han realizado otras dos aportaciones. En primer lugar se ha comprobado cómo afectan las diferentes decisiones que puedan tomarse en las diferentes etapas de la fase de diseño. Aquí se ha comprobado que un mismo diseño puede tener fluctuaciones de hasta el 50\% si se modifican algunos parámetros. Por otro lado, habiendo observado que los emuladores de SEU existentes en la literatura se centran en el estudio del SBU (Single Bit Upset), se ha propuesto un procedimiento para la estimación de la tasa de fallo en presencia de MCUs (Multiple Cell Upsets)