China and India\u27s Differing Investment Treaty and Dispute Settlement Experiences and Implications for Africa

This article examines China’s and India’s differing investment treaty and dispute settlement experiences and the resulting implications for Africa. It attempts to answer the question of whether there is evidence of China’s and India’s attempt to take advantage of the default structural imbalance enabled by centuries of international investment laws and institutions that favor the investor. The Article begins by presenting the background of the current economic reality and trends that necessitate the evaluation of the existing rules and institutions. It then presents a detailed assessment of this phenomenon by focusing on the investment cases brought against India for context, followed by a critical appraisal of India’s reaction to the perceived deficiencies of the existing system as evidenced by its new BIT Model Text and the text’s implications for Africa. Next, the Article evaluates the most important body of evidence that comes in the form of bilateral investment treaties, i.e., China’s and India’s investment treaties with African states. Finally, it offers a summary of conclusions

PAKISTAN'S SECURITY RELATIONS WITH KENYA, SOUTH AFRICA AND NIGERIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This study examines Pakistan's security relations with Kenya, South Africa and Nigeria, specifically focusing on the influence of geopolitical, economic and cultural factors. Three main research questions guide the research: a) what are the similarities and differences in Pakistan's security relations with these three countries? b) How do geopolitical factors shape Pakistan's security relations with each country? c) What roles do cultural and economic ties play in shaping these security relationships? The study identifies and compares similarities and differences in security relations among these countries, highlighting the unique historical, geopolitical, and cultural factors through a multidimensional approach, drawing insights from Realism, Constructivism and Neoliberal Institutionalism. The findings underscore the significance of considering power dynamics and cultural influences in understanding security relations. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the potential of international institutions in promoting cooperation and building trust between Pakistan and its African counterparts.   Bibliography Entry Khan, Tariq. 2023. "Pakistan's Security Relations with Kenya, South Africa and Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 123-137

Perceptions of China's National Image in the Belt and Road Initiative: Systematic Literature Review

This literature review provides a comprehensive understanding of the perceptions of China's national image in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). By examining a variety of scholarly articles, research papers, and relevant publications, the review explores cross-cultural perspectives on China's national image within the BRI context. It focuses on the self-shaping of China's national image and the image shaped by other countries, highlighting the discrepancies and factors influencing these perceptions. Analyzing diverse sources, this review examines the dimensions and factors influencing perceptions of China's national image in the BRI. It discusses China's self-shaping efforts, how other countries perceive China's national image, and the factors shaping foreign perceptions. The review also addresses the implications of these perceptions and offers recommendations to enhance China's national image in the BRI. Finally, it identifies research gaps and suggests potential directions for future studies in this area

International Management: Strategic Opportunities and Cultural Challenges

As the economies of many countries become more interrelated, international managers are facing huge challenges and unique opportunities associated with their roles. Now in its fifth edition, Sweeney and McFarlin\u27s International Management embodies a balanced and integrated approach to the subject, emphasizing the strategic opportunities available to firms on a global playing field, as well as exploring the challenges of managing an international workforce. Integrating theory and practice across all chapter topics, this book helps students to learn, grasp, and apply the underlying principles of successful international management: Understanding the broad context of international business, including the critical trends impacting international management, the legal and political forces driving international business, and the ethical and cultural dilemmas that can arise Mastering the essential elements of effective interaction in the international arena, from cross-cultural understanding and communication to cross-border negotiation Recognizing and taking advantage of strategic opportunities, such as entering and operating in foreign markets Building and leading effective international teams, including personal and behavioral motivation, as well as taking an international perspective on the hiring, training, and development of employees These principles are emphasized in the text with current examples and practical applications, establishing a foundation for students to apply their understanding in the current global business environment. With a companion website featuring an instructor’s manual, presentation slides, and a test bank, International Management Fifth Edition is a superb resource for instructors and students of international management

BRICS, the southern model, and the evolving landscape of development assistance: Toward a new taxonomy

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Access to Medicines, BRICS Alliances, and Collective Action

Most discussions on the public health implications of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights focus on the right of less developed countries to issue compulsory licenses and the need for these countries to exploit flexibilities within the TRIPs Agreement. However, there are other means by which countries can enhance access to essential medicines. To provide an illustration of these other means, this article explores the possibility for greater collaboration among the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and between these countries and other less developed countries. This article begins by offering a brief discussion of each BRICS country in the area of international intellectual property protection. It advances the hypothesis that, if the BRICS countries are willing to join together to form a coalition, it is very likely that the resulting coalition will precipitate a negotiation deadlock similar to the historic stalemate between developed and less developed countries before the negotiation of the TRIPs Agreement. The article, nevertheless, questions whether the BRICS countries can build a sustained coalition in light of their very different historical backgrounds; the divergent levels of political, social, economic, and cultural developments; and the well-documented historical failures for less developed countries to build or maintain effective coalitions. Taking these challenges and potential hurdles into account, this article contends that it may be more realistic for less developed countries to enter into alliances with one or more of the BRICS countries. The article then highlights the role that the BRICS coalition or partial BRICS alliances can play in the international intellectual property regime. It discusses four coordination strategies through which less developed countries can strengthen their collective bargaining position, influence negotiation outcomes, and promote effective and democratic decisionmaking in the international intellectual property regime. It concludes with a discussion of the various challenges confronting the creation and maintenance of partial BRICS alliances

Sinic Trade Agreements

In the past decade, the European Union and the United States have pushed aggressively for the development of bilateral and regional trade agreements. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these agreements? Are China\u27s bilateral and regional trade agreements different from these agreements? What are China\u27s goals and negotiation strategies? What will happen if China\u27s bilateral approach clashes with that of the European Union or the United States? This Article begins by examining China\u27s growing engagement with the less developed world, in particular Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. It analyzes the goals, strengths and weaknesses of EU economic partnership agreements and U.S. free trade agreements. It also examines the goals of China\u27s bilateral and plurilateral trade agreements. The article then explores how China\u27s negotiation strategies differ from their EU and U.S. counterparts. It concludes by highlighting three future battles that the accelerated development of China\u27s agreements may precipitate

China's and India's emerging energy foreign policy

"This article aims at analyzing the changing energy foreign policies of the Anchor countries China and India. Both countries' economies are growing at an unprecedented pace. Due to high economic growth based on rapid industrialisation the energy consumption of both countries is rising fast. Against this background it is explored how the quest for energy security has transformed both countries' foreign policies. In fact, energy and, to an increasing extent, climate change, have become defining elements of both countries' foreign policy as well as of the international context in which they find themselves. A new 'energy foreign policy' which transforms the character of existing geopolitical rivalries is emerging. Outside actors such as the European Union must react to these developments when shaping their policy responses. International institutions and governance structures have to adapt to take into account the growing weight of China, India and other emerging economies. Last but not least, energy security and climate change considerations should be merged into an integrated sustainable energy policy." (author's abstract

Access to Medicines, BRICS Alliances, and Collective Action

Most discussions on the public health implications of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights focus on the right of less developed countries to issue compulsory licenses and the need for these countries to exploit flexibilities within the TRIPs Agreement. However, there are other means by which countries can enhance access to essential medicines. To provide an illustration of these other means, this article explores the possibility for greater collaboration among the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and between these countries and other less developed countries. This article begins by offering a brief discussion of each BRICS country in the area of international intellectual property protection. It advances the hypothesis that, if the BRICS countries are willing to join together to form a coalition, it is very likely that the resulting coalition will precipitate a negotiation deadlock similar to the historic stalemate between developed and less developed countries before the negotiation of the TRIPs Agreement. The article, nevertheless, questions whether the BRICS countries can build a sustained coalition in light of their very different historical backgrounds; the divergent levels of political, social, economic, and cultural developments; and the well-documented historical failures for less developed countries to build or maintain effective coalitions. Taking these challenges and potential hurdles into account, this article contends that it may be more realistic for less developed countries to enter into alliances with one or more of the BRICS countries. The article then highlights the role that the BRICS coalition or partial BRICS alliances can play in the international intellectual property regime. It discusses four coordination strategies through which less developed countries can strengthen their collective bargaining position, influence negotiation outcomes, and promote effective and democratic decisionmaking in the international intellectual property regime. It concludes with a discussion of the various challenges confronting the creation and maintenance of partial BRICS alliances