Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less and decentralized network without any physical connections. Nodes are mobile, free to move, and independent of each other which makes routing a difficult task. Hence, a dynamic routing protocol is needed to make MANET reliable and function properly. Several routing protocols have been proposed with different working mechanisms and performance levels. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols is needed. This paper evaluates the performance of MANET routing protocols using simulation based experiments to observe the behavior of the network as the density of the nodes increases. The paper evaluates the performance of proactive (fisheye state routing), reactive (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), and hybrid (zone routing protocol) routing protocols in terms of the packet delivery fraction, average throughput, and average end-to-end delay. The simulations of protocols to analyze their performance in different conditions were performed using the network simulator 2 (NS 2)

Performance Evaluation of Gauss-Markov Mobility Model in Hybrid LTE-VANET Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) developed based on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). VANET have different characteristics than MANET, on VANET mobile node (MN) moves faster, topology changes dynamically. The previous research shows that the model of mobility affects to the network performance. In this paper, the Gauss-Markov mobility model used to illustrate the motion of the MN, which illustrates changes of acceleration, speed, location, and direction at any time. This paper enriches the evaluation of the performance of Gauss-Markov mobility model on LTE-VANET hybrid network, by evaluating various network performance metrics, particularly, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and delay. This research evaluated the Gauss-Markov mobility model and performed with the number of nodes and randomness index (α) that varies by utilizing NS-3 software. The results show that there is a strong correlation between PDR, throughput, and delay with the addition number of MNs. Based on the simulation result, the hybrid LTE-VANET produce better delay compared to pure VANET. The average delay is smaller 40% compared to pure VANET. This simulation also concludes that different value of alpha on Gauss-Markov mobility model does not influence PDR, throughput, and delay

On the Benefits of a Cooperative Layer-2 based Routing Approach for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks

In a wireless mesh network, the convenience of a routing strategy strongly depends on the mobility of the intermediate nodes that compose the paths. Taking into account this behavior, this paper presents a routing scheme that works differently accordingly to the nodes mobility. In this sense, a proactive routing scheme is restricted to the backbone in order to promote the use of stable routes. On the other hand, the reactive protocol is used to search routes to or from a mobile destination. Both approaches are simultaneously implemented in the mesh nodes so that the routing protocols share routing information that optimize the network performance. Aiming at guaranteeing the IP compatibility, the combination of the two protocols in the core routers is carried out at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Opposite to the operation at IP layer where two routing protocols are not able to concurrently work, the transfer of the routing tasks to the MAC layer enables the use of multiple independent forwarding tables. Simulation results show the goodness of the proposal in terms of packet losses and data delayTriviño, A.; Ariza, A.; Casilari, E.; Cano Escribá, JC. (2013). On the Benefits of a Cooperative Layer-2 based Routing Approach for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks. China Communications. 10(8):88-99. doi:10.1109/CC.2013.6633748S889910

RGIM: An Integrated Approach to Improve QoS in AODV, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols for FANETS Using the Chain Mobility Model

Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles that communicate without any predefined infrastructure. FANET, being one of the most researched topics nowadays, finds its scope in many complex applications like drones used for military applications, border surveillance systems and other systems like civil applications in traffic monitoring and disaster management. Quality of service (QoS) performance parameters for routing e.g. delay, packet delivery ratio, jitter and throughput in FANETs are quite difficult to improve. Mobility models play an important role in evaluating the performance of the routing protocols. In this paper, the integration of two selected mobility models, i.e. random waypoint and Gauss–Markov model, is implemented. As a result, the random Gauss integrated model is proposed for evaluating the performance of AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), DSR (dynamic source routing) and DSDV (destination-Sequenced distance vector) routing protocols. The simulation is done with an NS2 simulator for various scenarios by varying the number of nodes and taking low- and high-node speeds of 50 and 500, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed model improves the QoS performance parameters of AODV, DSR and DSDV protocol

Behavior of Ad Hoc routing protocols, analyzed for emergency and rescue scenarios, on a real urban area

A mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that can dynamically configure a network without a fixed infrastructure or central administration. This makes it ideal for emergency and rescue scenarios, where sharing information is essential and should occur as soon as possible. This article discusses which of the routing strategies for mobile MANETs: proactive, reactive or hierarchical, has a better performance in such scenarios. By selecting a real urban area for the emergency and rescue scenario, we calculated the density of nodes and the mobility model needed for the validation study of AODV, DSDV and CBRP in the routing model. The NS2 simulator has been used for our study. We also show that the hierarchical routing strategies are better suited for this type of scenarios