Arabidopsis SUC1 loads the phloem in suc2 mutants when expressed from the SUC2 promoter

Active loading of sucrose into phloem companion cells (CCs) is an essential process in apoplastic loaders, such as Arabidopsis or tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), and is even used by symplastic loaders such as melon (Cucumis melo) under certain stress conditions. Reduction of the amount or complete removal of the transporters catalysing this transport step results in severe developmental defects. Here we present analyses of two Arabidopsis lines, suc2-4 and suc2-5, that carry a null allele of the SUC2 gene which encodes the Arabidopsis phloem loader. These lines were complemented with constructs expressing either the Arabidopsis SUC1 or the Ustilago maydis srt1 cDNA from the SUC2 promoter. Both SUC1 and Srt1 are energy-dependent sucrose/H+ symporters and differ in specific kinetic properties from the SUC2 protein. Transgene expression was confirmed by RT-PCRs, the subcellular localization of Srt1 in planta with an Srt1-RFP fusion, and the correct CC-specific localization of the recombinant proteins by immunolocalization with anti-Srt1 and anti-SUC1 antisera. The transport capacity of Srt1 was studied in Srt1-GFP expressing Arabidopsis protoplasts. Although both proteins were found exclusively in CCs, only SUC1 complemented the developmental defects of suc2-4 and suc2-5 mutants. As SUC1 and Srt1 are well characterized, this result provides an insight into the properties that are essential for sucrose transporters to load the phloem successfully

Response Types and Factors Associated with Response Types to Biologic Therapies in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis from Two Randomized Clinical Trials.

This study aimed to understand treatment response dynamics, including factors associated with favorable response, among patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis who received guselkumab, adalimumab, or secukinumab. These post hoc analyses used data from the phase III clinical trials ECLIPSE and VOYAGE 1, which were conducted between September 2021 and November 2022. On the basis of absolute Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (aPASI) scores, patients were divided into short-term response types (SRT1-6, based on week 20-48 response) and long-term response types (LRT1-4, based on week 52-252 response). Response types (RTs) were based on aPASI cutoffs deemed clinically relevant by the investigators; SRT1/LRT1 were the most favorable response types. Baseline characteristics were compared across RTs, and logistic regression analyses established factors associated with SRT1/LRT1. Overall, 1045, 662, and 272 patients were included in the ECLIPSE short-term, VOYAGE 1 short-term, and VOYAGE 1 long-term analyses, respectively. Mean age, body mass index (BMI), baseline aPASI score, and body surface area were lower in SRT1 than SRT6. In VOYAGE 1, adalimumab treatment, high BMI, and current/former smoking status resulted in less favorable responses. In the VOYAGE 1 long-term analysis, patients in LRT4 had the highest baseline aPASI score, were older, and were more often obese compared with other LRT groups. Regression analyses showed that SRT1 (both treatments) in VOYAGE 1 and ECLIPSE, and LRT1 (guselkumab group) in the VOYAGE 1 long-term analysis, were associated with week 16 aPASI response. In VOYAGE 1, SRT1 was associated with psoriasis duration and smoking status. Early treatment response and baseline characteristics, including smoking, psoriasis duration, and obesity, may be associated with longer-term response to biologics. ECLIPSE: NCT03090100, VOYAGE 1: NCT02207231

Racial Differences in Arterial Stiffness During Recovery Following Repeated Bouts of Maximal Anaerobic Cycling Exercise in Young Women

African Americans (AA) experience a differential cardiovascular response during recovery from aerobic exercise compared to Caucasian Americans (CA). There is also evidence that local and systemic vasculature responds differently to aerobic exercise stimulus. No study has examined racial differences in arterial stiffness following maximal anaerobic exercise in AA and CA women. Purpose: To compare local and systemic arterial stiffness during recovery from repeated bouts of maximal anaerobic exercise in young, healthy AA and CA women. Methods: Twenty (AA=8; CA=12) young, healthy women without hypertension completed two bouts of maximal anerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer with 30 minutes of recovery between bouts. Brachial blood pressure and hemodynamic measurements were taken at rest and 5-, 15- and 30- minutes following each bout of exercise. Arterial compliance (AC) was assessed using ultrasound to evaluate local carotid arterial stiffness. Systemic arterial stiffness measured by augmentation index (AIx@75) and segmental arterial stiffness measured by central Pulse Wave Velocity (cPWV) were assessed with SphygmoCor. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for possible race (two levels) and time (7 levels) differences between AA and CA. Results: There was a significant race by time interaction for AC and MAP (P ≤ 0.5). There was a main effect of time for AIx@75, which increased immediately following exercise and returned to baseline 30 minutes following exercise, regardless of race (P ≤ 0.05). There was no change in cPWV in response to exercise in either group. Conclusion: Local carotid arterial compliance and brachial blood pressure respond differently in AA women compared to CA women following repeated bouts of maximal anaerobic exercise, despite similar systemic or segmental arterial stiffness. Racial differences in arterial distensibility between AA and CA women in response to maximal anaerobic exercise may be limited to localized changes in the predominantly elastic carotid artery. In addition, while no racial differences were observed in systemic arterial stiffness, repeated maximal anaerobic exercise induces peripheral arterial stiffness but does not induce changes in central arterial stiffness in all participants

Arabidopsis thaliana sirtuins control proliferation and glutamate dehydrogenase activity

Sirtuins are part of a gene family of NAD-dependent deacylases that act on histone and non-histone proteins and control a variety of activities in all living organisms. Their roles are mainly related to energy metabolism and include lifetime regulation, DNA repair, stress resistance, and proliferation. A large amount of knowledge concerning animal sirtuins is available, but data about their plant counterparts are scarce. Plants possess few sirtuins that have, like in animals, a recognized role in stress defense and metabolism regulation. However, engagement in proliferation control, which has been demonstrated for mammalian sirtuins, has not been reported for plant sirtuins so far. In this work, srt1 and srt2 Arabidopsis mutant seedlings have been used to evaluate in vivo the role of sirtuins in cell proliferation and regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase, an enzyme demonstrated to be involved in the control of cell cycle in SIRT4-defective human cells. Moreover, bioinformatic analyses have been performed to elucidate sequence, structure, and function relationships between Arabidopsis sirtuins and between each of them and the closest mammalian homolog. We found that cell proliferation and GDH activity are higher in mutant seedlings, suggesting that both sirtuins exert a physiological inhibitory role in these processes. In addition, mutant seedlings show plant growth and root system improvement, in line with metabolic data. Our data also indicate that utilization of an easy to manipulate organism, such as Arabidopsis plant, can help to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of genes present in interkingdom species

A Novel High-Affinity Sucrose Transporter Is Required for Virulence of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis

A novel, high-affinity sucrose transporter identified in the plasma membrane of the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis is essential for fungal virulence and successful infection of maize

Issues Concerning the Approximation Underlying the Spectral Representation Theorem

In many important textbooks the formal statement of the Spectral RepresentationTheorem is followed by a process version, usually informal, stating thatany stationary stochastic process g is the limit in quadratic mean of asequence of processes, each consisting of a finite sum of harmonicoscillations with stochastic weights. The natural issues, whether the approximationerror is stationary, or whether at least it converges to zero uniformly int , have not been explicitly addressed in the literature. The paper shows that in allrelevant cases, for T unbounded the process convergence is not uniform in t. Equivalently, when T is unbounded the numberof harmonic oscillations necessary to approximate a stationary stochastic process with a preassigned accuracydepends on t . The conclusion is that the process version of the Spectral RepresentationTheorem should explicitely mention that in general the approximation of a stationary stochastic processby a finite sum of harmonic oscillations, given the accuracy, is valid for t belongingto a bounded subset of the real axis (of the set of integers in the discrete-parametercase).Stochastic processes. Stationarity. Spectral analysis.

Biotrophic Development of Ustilago maydis and the Response of Its Host Plant Maize

Fungal plant pathogens affect the quality of food and feed produced from infected plants and cause substantial yield losses every year. Especially fungi infecting cereal crops represent an ernormous thread. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis is the causative agent of the smut disease on maize. Molecular pathways essential for the initiation of fungal pathogenicity, like mating of two compatible sporidia, the establishment of an infectious dikaryon and the penetration process leading to plant infection are intensively studied in U. maydis. However, the strategies used by the fungus to proliferate within the plant and to deal with the hostile environment, are vastly unknown. This dissertation investigates the complex molecular interplay between Ustilago maydis and its host plant in more detail, focusing on three different aspects. In U. maydis the initiation of sexual development and pathogenicity is controlled by two homedomain proteins bE and bW, which form an active transcription factor after fusion of two compatible sporidia. By constructing temperature-sensitive bE proteins, I was able to demonstrate that also the proliferation of U. maydis within the plant is regulated by the b mating type transcription factor (2.1). The inactivation of the bW/bE complex within the plant stops fungal development and leads to the deregulation of secreted proteins, which are believed to interfere with plant defense responses. U. maydis establishes a compatible biotrophic relationship with its host. To analyze the plant cell responses towards this forced interaction, global expression analysis and metabolic profiling were performed monitoring a time-course of infection (2.2). Expression analyses revealed an initial recognition of U. maydis by the maize plant, leading to the induction of basal plant defense responses. After U. maydis has penetrated the plant these defense responses are suppressed, suggesting an active interference with the plant immune system. Moreover, during disease progression U. maydis infected maize leaves do not develop into photosynthetically active source tissues, but maintain the characteristics of a nutrient sink. Like typical plant nutrient sinks the infected area is supplied with sucrose that is feeding the fungus. As nutrient availability determines the fitness of the pathogen, it also determines the pathogens success to conquer the plant. Thus, biotrophic fungi like U. maydis have to develop strategies to feed on nutrients provided by a living host plant. By identifying two U. maydis sugar transporters, Srt1 and Hxt1, as necessary for full fungal virulence, I was able to analyze which plant-derived carbohydrates are crucial for biotrophic development (2.3; 2.4). Srt1, a novel kind of sucrose transporter, is exclusively expressed during infection. Its unusual high sucrose affinity is well suited to compete with plant-derived sucrose uptake systems at the plant/fungus interfacen (2.3). Hxt1 utilizes hexoses glucose, fructose and mannose, and with lower affinity also galactose and xylose. Deletion of hxt1 reduces fungal pathogenicity, influences growth and hampers monosaccharide-dependent gene regulation. Moreover, expression analysis revealed that Hxt1 has a dual function as monosaccharide-transporter and -sensor (2.4). As double-deletion mutants of hxt1 and srt1 fail to induce severe disease symptoms, both uptake of sucrose and its cleavage products glucose and fructose are crucial for in planta development of U. maydis (2.4). U. maydis is recognized by the maize plant already prior to infection, resulting in the induction of basal plant defense responses. However, as soon as the fungus penetrates the plant these defense responses are manipulated by U. maydis, most probably caused by the action of fungal secreted proteins interfering with recognition and defense pathways. During disease progression, the infected maize tissue remains a sucrose-dependent nutrient sink, which lacks photosynthetic activity. This sink supplies U. maydis with sucrose and hexoses utilized by Srt1 and Hxt1 to promote fungal growth. Initiation and maintenance of the biotrophic interaction, including the expression of secreted proteins necessary to manipulate the host, are regulated by a complex transcription cascade, which is controlled by the bE/bW heterodimer. The b-cascade not only regulates fungal proliferation and differentiation, but also adapts the fungal needs towards changing plant tissues