Pricing Endowments with Soft Computing

This paper develops life insurance pricing with different representation of its two sources of uncertainty: stochastic behaviour of mortality of the insured and fuzzy quantification of interest rates within the time horizon. Concretely we analyse endowment contracts, which are present in several financial real - world contexts as residential mortgage loans or retirement plans. We show that modelling the present value of these contracts with fuzzy random variables allows a well - founded quantification of their fair price and the risk resulting from the uncertainty of mortality and discounting rates. To do this, we firstly describe fuzzy random variables and some associated measures (mathematical expectation, variance, distribution function and quantiles) are defined. Subsequently the present value of a endowment contract (pure and mixed) is modelled with fuzzy random variables. Finally we show how the price and risk measures for endowment portfolios can be obtaine

The valuation of life contingencies: A symmetrical triangular fuzzy approximation

This paper extends the framework for the valuation of life insurance policies and annuities by Andrés- Sánchez and González-Vila (2012, 2014) in two ways. First we allow various uncertain magnitudes to be estimated by means of fuzzy numbers. This applies not only to interest rates but also to the amounts to be paid out by the insurance company. Second, the use of symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers allows us to obtain expressions for the pricing of life contingencies and their variability that are closely linked to standard financial and actuarial mathematics. Moreover, they are relatively straightforward to compute and understand from a standard actuarial point of view

Fuzzy Markovian Bonus-Malus Systems in Non-Life Insurance

Markov chains (MCs) are widely used to model a great deal of financial and actuarial problems. Likewise, they are also used in many other fields ranging from economics, management, agricultural sciences, engineering or informatics to medicine. This paper focuses on the use of MCs for the design of non-life bonus-malus systems (BMSs). It proposes quantifying the uncertainty of transition probabilities in BMSs by using fuzzy numbers (FNs). To do so, Fuzzy MCs (FMCs) as defined by Buckley and Eslami in 2002 are used, thus giving rise to the concept of Fuzzy BMSs (FBMSs). More concretely, we describe in detail the common BMS where the number of claims follows a Poisson distribution under the hypothesis that its characteristic parameter is not a real but a triangular FN (TFN). Moreover, we reflect on how to fit that parameter by using several fuzzy data analysis tools and discuss the goodness of triangular approximates to fuzzy transition probabilities, the fuzzy stationary state, and the fuzzy mean asymptotic premium. The use of FMCs in a BMS allows obtaining not only point estimates of all these variables, but also a structured set of their possible values whose reliability is given by means of a possibility measure. Although our analysis is circumscribed to non-life insurance, all of its findings can easily be extended to any of the abovementioned fields with slight modifications.University of Barcelon

On finite-time ruin probabilities in a generalized dual risk model with dependence

In this paper, we study the finite-time ruin probability in a reasonably generalized dual risK model, where we assume any non-negative non-decreasing cumulative operational cost function and arbitrary capital gains arrival process. Establishing an enlightening link between this dual risk model and its corresponding insurance risk model, explicit expressions for the finite-time survival probability in the dual risk model are obtained under various general assumptions for the distribution of the capital gains. In order to make the model more realistic and general, different dependence structures among capital gains and inter-arrival times and between both are also introduced and corresponding ruin probability expressions are also given. The concept of alarm time, as introduced in Das and Kratz (2012), is applied to the dual risk model within the context of risk capital allocation. Extensive numerical illustrations are provided

A Fuzzy-Random Extension of the Lee-Carter Mortality Prediction Model

The Lee-Carter model is a useful dynamic stochastic model to represent the evolution of central mortality rates throughout time. This model only considers the uncertainty about the coefficient related to the mortality trend over time but not to the age-dependent coefficients. This paper proposes a fuzzy-random extension of the Lee-Carter model that allows quantifying the uncertainty of both kinds of parameters. As it is commonplace in actuarial literature, the variability of the time-dependent index is modeled as an ARIMA time series. Likewise, the uncertainty of the age-dependent coefficients is also quantified, but by using triangular fuzzy numbers. The consideration of this last hypothesis requires developing and solving a fuzzy regression model. Once the fuzzy-random extension has been introduced, it is also shown how to obtain some variables linked with central mortality rates such as death probabilities or life expectancies by using fuzzy numbers arithmetic. It is simultaneously shown the applicability of our developments with data of Spanish male population in the period 1970-2012. Finally, we make a comparative assessment of our method with alternative Lee-Carter model estimates on 16 Western Europe populations

Risk model with fuzzy random individual claim amount

In this paper, we consider a risk model in which individual claim amount is assumed to be a fuzzy random variable and the claim number process is characterized as a Poisson process. The mean chance of the ultimate ruin is researched. Particularly, the expressions of the mean chance of the ultimate ruin are obtained for zero initial surplus and arbitrary initial surplus if individual claim amount is an exponentially distributed fuzzy random variable. The results obtained in this paper coincide with those in stochastic case when the fuzzy random variables degenerate to random variables. Finally, two numerical examples are presented.Risk model Mean chance Ruin Aggregate claims Fuzzy variable Fuzzy random variable

Fuzzy Sets in Business Management, Finance, and Economics

This book collects fifteen papers published in s Special Issue of Mathematics titled “Fuzzy Sets in Business Management, Finance, and Economics”, which was published in 2021. These paper cover a wide range of different tools from Fuzzy Set Theory and applications in many areas of Business Management and other connected fields. Specifically, this book contains applications of such instruments as, among others, Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Neuro-Fuzzy Methods, the Forgotten Effects Algorithm, Expertons Theory, Fuzzy Markov Chains, Fuzzy Arithmetic, Decision Making with OWA Operators and Pythagorean Aggregation Operators, Fuzzy Pattern Recognition, and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets. The papers in this book tackle a wide variety of problems in areas such as strategic management, sustainable decisions by firms and public organisms, tourism management, accounting and auditing, macroeconomic modelling, the evaluation of public organizations and universities, and actuarial modelling. We hope that this book will be useful not only for business managers, public decision-makers, and researchers in the specific fields of business management, finance, and economics but also in the broader areas of soft mathematics in social sciences. Practitioners will find methods and ideas that could be fruitful in current management issues. Scholars will find novel developments that may inspire further applications in the social sciences