Additive Manufacturing Technologies Used for Processing Polymers: Current Status and Potential Application in Prosthetic Dentistry

There are 7 categories of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, and a wide variety of materials can be used to build a CAD 3D object. The present article reviews the main AM processes for polymers for dental applications: stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), material jetting (MJ), and material extrusion (ME). The manufacturing process, accuracy, and precision of these methods will be reviewed, as well as their prosthodontic applications

The fourth industrial revolution's impact on dentistry

Uvod I najveći vizionari nisu mogli da pretpostave kojom brzinom će stomatološka struka i nauka prihvatiti koncept četvrte industrijske revolucije. Po obimu i složenosti ova transformacija je veća od svih do sada poznatih i u literaturi je opisana kao Dentistry 4.0. Digitalna revolucija je stomatologiji omogućila da gotovo sve kliničke i laboratorijske procedure mogu biti podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Cilj ovog rada je razumevanje uloge četvrte industrijske revolucije u stomatologiji. Metode Pretraživanje baze Medline izvršeno je putem baza podataka PubMed i Google Scholar za termine "četvrta industrijska revolucija", "digitalna stomatologija", "stomatologija 4.0", "CAD-CAM". Takođe su korišćene opcije "srodnih članaka" uz dodatno ručno pretraživanje preglednih članaka i relevantnih tekstova. Rezultati U radu su opisane najčešće dijagnostičke i terapijske procedure koje su podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Zaključak Sofisticirane tehnologije četvrte industrijske revolucije dovele su do brže i preciznije dijagnoze oralnih oboljenja. Kliničke procedure postaju jednostavnije, preciznije i predvidljivije za lekara, a komfornije za pacijenta. Dugoročno, tu su i ekonomske uštede i očuvanje životne sredine.Introduction Even the greatest visionaries could not have guessed at what speed the profession and science of dentistry would accept the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In terms of its scale and complexity, this transformation has been greater than any known before and it has been described in the literature as Dentistry 4.0. The digital revolution in dentistry has allowed for nearly all clinical and laboratory procedures to be supported by digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the profession of dentistry and identify its research status today and in the future. Methods An electronic search of Medline literature was performed via PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the terms "fourth industrial revolution," "digital dentistry," "dentistry 4.0," "CAD-CAM." The option "related articles" was also utilized as well as an additional manual search of review articles and the most relevant papers. Results The paper describes the most frequently used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures supported by digital technologies. Conclusion The sophisticated technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to more rapid and precise diagnoses of oral diseases. Clinical procedures have become easier, more precise and predictable to the dentist, and more comfortable to the patient. The long-term benefits also include financial savings and environmental protection

The fourth industrial revolution's impact on dentistry

Uvod I najveći vizionari nisu mogli da pretpostave kojom brzinom će stomatološka struka i nauka prihvatiti koncept četvrte industrijske revolucije. Po obimu i složenosti ova transformacija je veća od svih do sada poznatih i u literaturi je opisana kao Dentistry 4.0. Digitalna revolucija je stomatologiji omogućila da gotovo sve kliničke i laboratorijske procedure mogu biti podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Cilj ovog rada je razumevanje uloge četvrte industrijske revolucije u stomatologiji. Metode Pretraživanje baze Medline izvršeno je putem baza podataka PubMed i Google Scholar za termine "četvrta industrijska revolucija", "digitalna stomatologija", "stomatologija 4.0", "CAD-CAM". Takođe su korišćene opcije "srodnih članaka" uz dodatno ručno pretraživanje preglednih članaka i relevantnih tekstova. Rezultati U radu su opisane najčešće dijagnostičke i terapijske procedure koje su podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Zaključak Sofisticirane tehnologije četvrte industrijske revolucije dovele su do brže i preciznije dijagnoze oralnih oboljenja. Kliničke procedure postaju jednostavnije, preciznije i predvidljivije za lekara, a komfornije za pacijenta. Dugoročno, tu su i ekonomske uštede i očuvanje životne sredine.Introduction Even the greatest visionaries could not have guessed at what speed the profession and science of dentistry would accept the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In terms of its scale and complexity, this transformation has been greater than any known before and it has been described in the literature as Dentistry 4.0. The digital revolution in dentistry has allowed for nearly all clinical and laboratory procedures to be supported by digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the profession of dentistry and identify its research status today and in the future. Methods An electronic search of Medline literature was performed via PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the terms "fourth industrial revolution," "digital dentistry," "dentistry 4.0," "CAD-CAM." The option "related articles" was also utilized as well as an additional manual search of review articles and the most relevant papers. Results The paper describes the most frequently used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures supported by digital technologies. Conclusion The sophisticated technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to more rapid and precise diagnoses of oral diseases. Clinical procedures have become easier, more precise and predictable to the dentist, and more comfortable to the patient. The long-term benefits also include financial savings and environmental protection

Patient-Specific Bioimplants and Reconstruction Plates for Mandibular Defects: Production Workflow and In Vivo Large Animal Model Study

A major challenge with extensive craniomaxillofacial bone reconstruction is the limited donor-site availability to reconstruct defects predictably and accurately according to the anatomical shape of the patient. Here, patient-specific composite bioimplants, consisting of cross-linked poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) networks and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), are tested in vivo in twelve Gottingen minipigs in a large mandibular continuity defect model. The 25 mm defects are supported by patient-specific titanium reconstruction plates and receive either osteoconductive composite bioimplants (PTMC+TCP), neat polymer network bioimplants (PTMC), autologous bone segments (positive control), or are left empty (negative control). Postoperatively, defects treated with bioimplants show evident ossification at 24 weeks. Histopathologic evaluation reveals that neat PTMC bioimplant surfaces are largely covered with fibrous tissue, while in the PTMC+TCP bioimplants, bone attached directly to the implant surface shows good osteoconduction and histological signs of osteoinductivity. However, PTMC+TCP bioimplants are associated with high incidence of necrosis and infection, possibly due to rapid resorption and/or particle size of the used beta-TCP. The study highlights the importance of testing bone regeneration implants in a clinically relevant large animal model and at the in situ reconstruction site, since results on small animal models and studies in nonloadbearing areas do not translate directly.Peer reviewe

Mesh-to-raster based non-rigid registration of multi-modal images

Region of interest (ROI) alignment in medical images plays a crucial role in diagnostics, procedure planning, treatment, and follow-up. Frequently, a model is represented as triangulated mesh while the patient data is provided from CAT scanners as pixel or voxel data. Previously, we presented a 2D method for curve-to-pixel registration. This paper contributes (i) a general mesh-to-raster (M2R) framework to register ROIs in multi-modal images; (ii) a 3D surface-to-voxel application, and (iii) a comprehensive quantitative evaluation in 2D using ground truth provided by the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) method. The registration is formulated as a minimization problem where the objective consists of a data term, which involves the signed distance function of the ROI from the reference image, and a higher order elastic regularizer for the deformation. The evaluation is based on quantitative light-induced fluoroscopy (QLF) and digital photography (DP) of decalcified teeth. STAPLE is computed on 150 image pairs from 32 subjects, each showing one corresponding tooth in both modalities. The ROI in each image is manually marked by three experts (900 curves in total). In the QLF-DP setting, our approach significantly outperforms the mutual information-based registration algorithm implemented with the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK) and Elastix

Odontology & artificial intelligence

Neste trabalho avaliam-se os três fatores que fizeram da inteligência artificial uma tecnologia essencial hoje em dia, nomeadamente para a odontologia: o desempenho do computador, Big Data e avanços algorítmicos. Esta revisão da literatura avaliou todos os artigos publicados na PubMed até Abril de 2019 sobre inteligência artificial e odontologia. Ajudado com inteligência artificial, este artigo analisou 1511 artigos. Uma árvore de decisão (If/Then) foi executada para selecionar os artigos mais relevantes (217), e um algoritmo de cluster k-means para resumir e identificar oportunidades de inovação. O autor discute os artigos mais interessantes revistos e compara o que foi feito em inovação durante o International Dentistry Show, 2019 em Colónia. Concluiu, assim, de forma crítica que há uma lacuna entre tecnologia e aplicação clínica desta, sendo que a inteligência artificial fornecida pela indústria de hoje pode ser considerada um atraso para o clínico de amanhã, indicando-se um possível rumo para a aplicação clínica da inteligência artificial.There are three factors that have made artificial intelligence (AI) an essential technology today: the computer performance, Big Data and algorithmic advances. This study reviews the literature on AI and Odontology based on articles retrieved from PubMed. With the help of AI, this article analyses a large number of articles (a total of 1511). A decision tree (If/Then) was run to select the 217 most relevant articles-. Ak-means cluster algorithm was then used to summarize and identify innovation opportunities. The author discusses the most interesting articles on AI research and compares them to the innovation presented during the International Dentistry Show 2019 in Cologne. Three technologies available now are evaluated and three suggested options are been developed. The author concludes that AI provided by the industry today is a hold-up for the praticioner of tomorrow. The author gives his opinion on how to use AI for the profit of patients

Diagnostic Applications of Intraoral Scanners: A Systematic Review

In addition to their recognized value for obtaining 3D digital dental models, intraoral scanners (IOSs) have recently been proven to be promising tools for oral health diagnostics. In this work, the most recent literature on IOSs was reviewed with a focus on their applications as detection systems of oral cavity pathologies. Those applications of IOSs falling in the general area of detection systems for oral health diagnostics (e.g., caries, dental wear, periodontal diseases, oral cancer) were included, while excluding those works mainly focused on 3D dental model reconstruction for implan tology, orthodontics, or prosthodontics. Three major scientific databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched and explored by three independent reviewers. The synthesis and analysis of the studies was carried out by considering the type and technical features of the IOS, the study objectives, and the specific diagnostic applications. From the synthesis of the twenty-five included studies, the main diagnostic fields where IOS technology applies were highlighted, ranging from the detection of tooth wear and caries to the diagnosis of plaques, periodontal defects, and other complications. This shows how additional diagnostic information can be obtained by combining the IOS technology with other radiographic techniques. Despite some promising results, the clinical evidence regarding the use of IOSs as oral health probes is still limited, and further efforts are needed to validate the diagnostic potential of IOSs over conventional tool

New dimensions in tooth implant and transplantation

Wismeyer, D. [Promotor]Merkesteyn, J.P.R. [Promotor]Hassan, B.A. [Copromotor]Tahmaseb, A. [Copromotor

Advanced Applications of Rapid Prototyping Technology in Modern Engineering

Rapid prototyping (RP) technology has been widely known and appreciated due to its flexible and customized manufacturing capabilities. The widely studied RP techniques include stereolithography apparatus (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), three-dimensional printing (3DP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), 3D plotting, solid ground curing (SGC), multiphase jet solidification (MJS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM). Different techniques are associated with different materials and/or processing principles and thus are devoted to specific applications. RP technology has no longer been only for prototype building rather has been extended for real industrial manufacturing solutions. Today, the RP technology has contributed to almost all engineering areas that include mechanical, materials, industrial, aerospace, electrical and most recently biomedical engineering. This book aims to present the advanced development of RP technologies in various engineering areas as the solutions to the real world engineering problems

Analysis of digitization methods for edentulous jaws

This study evaluated the trueness and precision of direct digitization and indirect digitization of an edentulous maxilla. An edentulous jaw model made of PEEK, featuring four hemispherical geometries on the alveolar ridge, served as the testing model. The PEEK model was industrially digitized to obtain a reference dataset (REF). Subsequently, the model was digitized according to the clinical workflow (n=25/group) with the following IOS: Cerec Primescan AC (PRI); Trios 3 Wireless (TRS); True Definition (TRD); iTero Element (ITE); Cerec AC Omnicam (OMN). In addition, conventional impressions were taken with scannable PVS (Flexitime Fast&Scan light flow and Flexitime Monophase Pro Scan) and scanned (n=25/group) with laboratory scanners: D810 (D8I) and In EOS X5 (E5I). The impressions were poured, and the resulting stone casts were scanned (n=25/group) with D810 (D8M) and In EOS X5 (E5M). Linear and angular parameters were measured in the virtual model data and compared to REF. One-way ANOVA detected significant differences for all tested parameters. The highest trueness in the P17-P13 and the P17-P23 distances was revealed by group E5I, and in the P17-P27 distance by group PRI. Regarding angular parameters in the transverse plane group, D8M showed the best trueness with no significant difference to any other group, while in the sagittal plane E5M exhibited the highest trueness. Group D8I was most precise in all linear parameters and angle XZ, while group E5I exhibited the highest precision in angle YZ. Digitization of conventional impressions presented the most accurate results. PRI demonstrated values similar to impression digitization and superior to stone cast digitization, while TRS and OMN performed similarly to stone cast digitization.Diese Studie bewertete die Richtigkeit und Präzision direkter und indirekter Digitalisierung eines zahnlosen Oberkiefers. Als Testmodell diente ein zahnloses Oberkiefermodell aus PEEK mit vier halbkugelförmigen Geometrien am Kieferkamm. Das PEEK-Modell wurde industriell digitalisiert, um einen Referenzdatensatz (REF) zu erhalten. Anschließend wurde das Modell mit folgendem IOS digitalisiert (n=25/Gruppe): Cerec Primescan AC (PRI); Trios 3 Wireless (TRS); True Definition (TRD); iTero-Element (ITE); Cerec AC Omnicam (OMN). Darüber hinaus wurden konventionelle Abformungen mit scanbarem PVS (Flexitime Fast&Scan light flow und Flexitime Monophase Pro Scan) aufgenommen und mit Laborscannern: D810 (D8I) und In EOS X5 (E5I) gescannt (n=25/Gruppe). Die Abformungen wurden gegossen und die resultierenden Gipsmodelle wurden gescannt (n=25/Gruppe) mit: D810 (D8M) und In EOS X5 (E5M). Lineare und Winkelparameter wurden gemessen und mit REF verglichen. Die Einfaktorielle-ANOVA stellte signifikante Unterschiede für alle getesteten Parameter fest. Die höchste Richtigkeit in den Distanzen P17-P13 und P17-P23 wurde von Gruppe E5I und in der Distanz P17-P27 von Gruppe PRI gezeigt. Hinsichtlich der Winkelparameter in der transversalen Ebene zeigte Gruppe D8M die beste Richtigkeit ohne signifikanten Unterschied zu anderen Gruppen, während E5M in der Sagittalebene die höchste Richtigkeit aufwies. Gruppe D8I war in allen linearen Parametern und im Winkel XZ am präzisesten, während Gruppe E5I die höchste Präzision im Winkel YZ aufwies. Die Digitalisierung konventioneller Abformungen lieferte die genauesten Ergebnisse. PRI zeigte ähnliche Werte zur Digitalisierung von Abformungen und war der Digitalisierung von Gipsmodellen überlegen, während TRS und OMN ähnliche Leistungen wie die Digitalisierung von Gipsmodellen zeigten