54 research outputs found
Development and clinical application of part body neutron activation analysis using Californium-252
Californium 252 sources were used in a clinical
environment for neutron activation analysis studies for a
period of 2 1/2 years. During this period changes in part
body calcium in bone, in response to different treatment
regimes, were measured in patients suffering from primary
or secondary bone disease.
Measurements were performed on peripheral bone, in
252 particular the forearm, using two sources of Cf, minimum
total activity 56 mCi, and a purpose built partial body
counter. Optimisation of the irradiation geometry and the
patient irradiation programme enabled calcium measurements
to be performed with a precision of between 1.5% and 1.8%
and a bone dose less than 3 rem.
The following clinical studies were undertaken: the
effect of 1-oc-hydroxycholecalciferol on 19 patients under going chronic haemodialysis, the use of vitamin D2 or D3
in the treatment of 33 patients with potential anticonvulsant osteomalacia, the effect of lithium carbonate in 15
patients with manic depression and the efficacy of conventional treatments in combating thyrotoxic osteodystrophy.
Apparatus was also developed to measure calcium
252
changes in the lumbar spine. Two Cf sources of total
activity 200 mCi were used for irradiation and a whole
body counter for detection of the induced activity. A
precision of 2% was obtained for patient measurements,
with a bone dose of 1.3 rem
Physical science techniques for non-invasive, quantitative measurements within the living human body
The research in this thesis focuses on the use of a range of physical
science techniques to perform quantitative measurements within the
living human body in a non-invasive manner, for the purpose of
understanding disease processes, diagnosing abnormality or monitoring
therapeutic responses. The research publications cover work which has
been undertaken over the last thirty years in the Universities of
Edinburgh, London and Leeds. The research has not concentrated on
one aspect of the physical sciences but has taken advantage of scientific
and technological developments, encompassing neutron, X and y
ionising radiation, laser and THz non-ionising radiation, magnetism,
radio-waves and a range of mathematical and computing techniques.
Clinical applications have encompassed a wide range of diseases and
conditions and include osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases,
cardiac disease, vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.PUBLICATIONS • •
BONE MEASUREMENT •
1. Development of apparatus to measure calcium changes in the forearm and
spine by neutron activation analysis using Cf-252 (*PhD)
MA Smith and P Tothill
Physics in Medicine and Biology 24, 319-329, 1979
2. Measurement of spinal calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis in
osteoporosis (*PhD)
MA Smith, R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, LG Mcintosh, JD Simpson, JA Strong
and P Tothill
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 45-48, 1981
3. Long term effect of dialysate calcuim and 1a -OHD3 on bone calcium in
haemodialysis patients as measured by neutron activation analysis of the
forearm (*PhD)
MA Smith, RJ Winney, JA Strong and P Tothill
Nephron 28, 213-217, 1981
4. Total body neutron activation analysis of calcium: calibration and
normalisation
NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, CM Ferrington, JD Simpson, MA Smith, JA Strong
and P Tothill
Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 697-708, 1982
5. The crossover correction in dual photon absorptiometry with Gd-153
MA Smith and P Tothill
Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 1515-1521, 1982
6. Bone demineralisation in patients with Turner's syndrome
MA Smith, J Wilson and WH Price
Journal of Medical Genetics 19, 100-103, 1982
7. Total body calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease activity and
corticosteroid treatment
DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki
British Medical Journal 285, 330-332 1982
8. Comparison between Gd-153 and Am-241, Cs-137 for dual photon
absorptiometry of the spine
MA Smith, D Sutton and P Tothill
Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 709-721, 1983
9. Intra-laboratory variations using dual photon absorptiometry
MA Smith and P Tothill
Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 748-751, 1983
10. Dual photon absorptiometry of the spine with a low activity source of
gadolinium 153
P Tothill, MA Smith and D Sutton
British Journal of Radiology 56, 829-835, 1983
11. Normal levels of total body sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis
NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, P Tothill and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 215-222, 1983
12. The assessment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by total body neutron
activation analysis
R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill
Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 5, 65-67, 1983
13. Bone mass in nodal primary generalised osteoarthritis
DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 43, 240-242, 1984
14. Changes in total body calcium after renal transplantation effect of low-dose
steroid regime
R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and JL Anderton
Nephron 40, 139-142, 1985
15. The seasonal variation of total body calcium
P Tothill, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid and G Nuki
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 7, 361-367, 1986
16. Bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis
DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki
Journal of Rheumatology 13, 932-935, 1986
17. Corticosteroids and bone mass in asthma: comparisons with rheumatoid
arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica
DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, B Higgins, P Tothill and G Nuki
British Medical Journal 293, 1463-1466, 1986
18. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis
DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki
Clinical Rheumatology 5, No 3, 372-278, 1986
19. Changes in total body calcium following surgery for primary
hyperparathyroidism
R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and CRW Edwards
Bone 7, 269-272 1986
20. Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and primary generalized osteoarthrosis:
effects of corticosteroids, suppressive antirheumatic drugs drugs and calcium
supplements
DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JJ Nicoll, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki
British Journal of Rheumatology 25, 253-259, 1986
21. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon
absorptiometry
JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid, E Law, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki
Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 697-706, 1987
22. In-vivo precision of total body calcium and sodium measurements by neutron
activation analysis
JJ Nicoll, P Tothill, MA Smith, DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy and G Nuki
Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 243-246, 1987
23. Prediction of fracture healing in the tibia by quantitative radionuclide imaging
MA Smith, E Jones, R Strachan, P Tothill, JJK Best and SPF Hughes
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69-B, 441-448, 1987
24. Premenopausal bone loss in the lumbar spine and neck of femur: a study of
225 Caucasian women
A Rodin, B Murby, MA Smith, M Caleffi, I Fentiman, MG Chapman and I
Fogelman
Bone 11, 1-5, 1990
25. Bone ultrasound attenuation in women: reproducibility, normal variation and
comparison woth photon absorptiometry
JG Truscott, M Simpson, SP Stewart, R Milner, CF Westmacott, B Oldroyd,
JA Evans, A Horsman, CM Langton and MA Smith
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 13, 29-36, 1992
26. The use of a radiation sensitive CCD camera system to measure bone
mineral content in the neonatal forearm: a feasibility study
JG Truscott, R Milner, S Metcalfe and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 37, 1391-1397, 1992
27. Primary Generalised Osteoarthritis and Bone Mass
LD Hordon, SP Stewart, PR Troughton, V Wright, A Horsman and MA Smith
British Journal of Rheumatology 32, 1059-1061, 1993
28. Variation in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral measured by dual
energy X-ray absorption: a study of 329 normal women
JG Truscott, B Oldroyd, M Simpson, SP Stewart, CF Westmacott, R Milner, A
Horsman and MA Smith
British Journal of Radiology 66, 514-521, 1993
29. A phantom for quantitative ultrasound of trabecular bone
AJ Clarke, JA Evans, JG Truscott, R Milner and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 39, 1677-1687, 1994
30. Comparison of changes in bone mineral in idiopathic and secondary
osteoporosis following therapy with cyclical disodium etidronate and high
dose calcium supplementation
SM Orme, M Simpson, SP Stewart, B Oldroyd, CF Westmacott, MA Smith
and PE Belchetz
Clinical Endocrinology 41(2), 245-50, 1994
31. A portable system for measuring bone mineral density in the pre-term
neonatal forearm
JG Truscott, R Milner, PC Holland, C Wood and MA Smith
British Journal of Radiology 69, 532-8, 1996
32. Assessment of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: use of bone alkaline
phosphatase, bone mineral density and parathyroid ultrasound in comparison
with bone histology
S Fletcher, RG Jones, HC Rayner, P Harnden, LD Hordon, JE Aaron, B
Oldroyd, AM Brownjohn, JH Turney and MA Smith
Nephron 75(4), 412-9, 1997
33. Regional bone mineral density after orthotopic liver transplantation
SH Hussaini, B Oldroyd, SP Stewart, F Roman, MA Smith, S Pollard, P
Lodge, JG O'Grady and MS Losowsky
European Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 11(2), 157-63, 1999 •
PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) •
34. Material to mimic bone and its interaction with ultrasound
J Clarke, JA Evans, R Milner and MA Smith
1994
35. Anthropomorphic spinal phantom
R Milner, E Berry and MA Smith
1999 •
STATISTICS •
36. The comparison of neutron activation analysis and photon absorptiometry at
the same part body site
MA Smith, RA Elton and P Tothill
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 1-7, 1981
37. Survival after peptic ulcer surgery
AH McLean Ross, J Anderson, WP Small and MA Smith
British Medical Journal 282, 1472, 1981
38. Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer
AH McLean Ross, MA Smith, JR Anderson and WP Small
New England Journal of Medicine 307, 519-522, 1982
39. Survival after surgery
WP Small, MA Smith and AH MacLean-Ross
British Medical Journal 289, 108-109, 1984
40. Metabolism of sodium pentosan polysulphate in man-catabolism of iodinated
derivatives
IR MacGregor, J Davies, L Paton, DS Pepper, CV Prowse and MA Smith
Thrombosis and Haemostasis 51, 321-325, 1984
41. Correction factors for gravimetric measurement of peritumoural oedema in
man
BA Bell, MA Smith, JL Tocher and JD Miller
British Journal of Neurosurgery 1, 435-440, 1987
42. Inter-individual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the
interpretation of thyroid function tests
CA Meier, MN Maisey, A Lowry, J Muller and MA Smith
Clinical Endocrinology 39, 101-107, 1993 •
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING •
43. The installation of a commercial resistive NMR imager
MA Smith, JJK Best, RHB Douglas and DM Kean
British Journal of Radiology 57, 1145-1158, 1984
44. Brain water in chronic alcoholic patients measured by magnetic resonance
imaging
MA Smith, J Chick, DM Kean, RHB Douglas, A Singer, RE Kendell and JJK
Best
Lancet i, 1273-1274, 1985
45. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
M Been, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, JJK Best, and AL Muir
British Heart Journal 54, 48-52, 1985
46. Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstrated by CT and low field MRI
DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, CN Martyn and JJK Best
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 9(3), 494-496, 1985
47. Characterisation of acute myocardial infarction by gated magnetic resonance
imaging
M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK
Best and AL Muir
Lancet ii, 348-350, 1985
48. Brain water measured in volunteers after alcohol and vasopressin
AJ Mander, MA Smith, DM Kean, J Chick, RHB Douglas, AU Rehman, GJ
Weppner and JJK Best
Lancet, ii, 1075, 1985
49. ECG gated T1 images of the heart
MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, M Been, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK
Best and AL Muir
Physics in Medicine and Biology 31, 771-778, 1986
50. The absence of tissue specificity in MRI using in-vivo T1 or T2 determination -
true biological variation or technical artefact?
MA Smith and DG Taylor
British Journal of Radiology 59, 82-83, 1986
51. A description of a low field resistive magnetic resonance imaging system and
its application in imaging midline central nervous system pathology
DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and JJK Best
Clinical Radiology, 37, 211-217, 1986
52. A technique for velocity imaging using magnetic resonance imaging
JP Ridgway and MA Smith
British Journal of Radiology 59, 603-607, 1986
53. Correlation of human NMR T1 values measured in vivo and brain water
content
HL MacDonald, BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JD
Miller and JJK Best
British Journal of Radiology 59, 355-357, 1986
54. A surface coil design for a vertical field MRI system and its application in
imaging the breast
MA Smith and DW Pye
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4, 455-560 1986
55. Cardiac gating in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
MA Smith
Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 10(6), 325-328, 1986
56. Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct
estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone
BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, CNJ McGhee, HL MacDonald, JD Miller, GH
Barnett, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JJK Best
The Lancet (i), 66-69, 1987
57. Demonstration of pulsatile cerebrospinal-fluid using magnetic resonance
phase imaging
JP Ridgway, LW Turnbull and MA Smith
British Journal of Radiology 60, 423-427, 1987
58. Magnetic resonance flow imaging: a possible method for distinguishing
communicating syringomyelia from cystic intraspinal lesions
LW Turnbull, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and JJK Best
British Journal of Radiology 60, 517-518, 1987
59. Cerebral and brain stem changes after ECT revealed by nuclear magnetic
resonance imaging
AJ Mander, A Whitfield, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and RE Kendell
British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 69-71, 1987
60. Serial changes in the T1 magnetic relaxation parameter after myocardial
infarction in man
M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, DP De Bono, JJK Best and
AL Muir
British Heart Journal 59, 1-8, 1988
61. Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by
magnetic resonance imaging
M Been, BJ Thompson, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, JJK Best and
AL Muir
European Heart Journal 9 1250-1256, 1988
62. Brain hydration during alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics measured by magnetic
resonance imaging
MA Smith, JD Chick, HM Engelman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and
JJK Best
Drug and Alcohol Dependence 21, 25, 1988
63. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in-vivo
DA Porter, MA Smith
Journal of Biomedical Engineering 10, 562-567, 1988
64. Blood flow imaging by magnetic resonance
DJ West, M Tarnawski, MJ Graves, MG Taylor, S Padayachee, VT Ayton and
MA Smith
Medicamundi 33, 101-111, 1988
65. Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant heart at 15T
MA Smith, EJ Baker, VT Ayton, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans and MN Maisey
British Journal of Radiology 62, 367-370, 1989
66. High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of ventricular septal defects
in infants
EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M
Tynan and NLK Fagg
British Heart Journal 62, 305-310, 1989
67. Magnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of high
field strength
EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M
Tynan, AK Yates and PB Deverall
British Heart Journal 62, 97-101, 1989
68. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in alcoholics: cerebral atrophy,
lifetime alcohol consumption and cognitive defects
JD Chick, MA Smith, HM Engleman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and
JJK Best
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13, 512-517, 1989
69. Phospholipids are visible in P-31 NMR spectra of human breast tumours
M Lowry, DA Porter, CJJ Twelves, PE Heasley, PB Garlick, MA Smith, RD
Rubens, MN Maiseyand MA Richards
Biochemical Society Transactions 17, 1053-1054, 1989
70. The measurement and visualisation of vessel blood flow by magnetic
resonance imaging
MA Smith
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11,2, 101-123, 1990
71. A method for characterising localisation techniques in volume selected
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 35(7), 821-834, 1990
72. The measurement of time-averaged flow by magnetic resonance imaging
using continuous acquisition in the carotid arteries and its comparison with
Doppler ultrasound
M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, DJ West, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and
MA Smith
Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11(1), 27-36, 1990
73. Measurement of time-averaged flow in the middle cerebral artery by magnetic
resonance imaging
M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith
British Journal of Radiology 64, 178-181, 1991
74. Visibility of phosholopids in 31P NMR spectra of human breast tumours in-vivo
M Lowry, DA Porter, CJ Twelves, PE Heasley, MA Smith and MA Richards
NMR in Biomedicine 5, 37-42, 1992
75. Experimental characterisation of the ISIS Technique for volume selected
NMR spectroscopy
SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith
NMR in Biomedicine 5, 200-208, 1992
76. Rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver
and portal vein
J Ward, D Martinez, AG Chalmers, J Ridgway, P Robinson and MA Smith
British Journal of Radiology 66, 214-222, 1993
77. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of human breast - an in-vivo magnetic resonance
spectroscopy study at 1,5T
CJ Twelves, M Lowry, DA Porter, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith and MA
Richards
British Journal of Radiology 67, 36-45, 1994
78. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of post-menopausal breast cancer studied in vivo
by magnetic resonance
CJ Twelves, DA Porter, M Lowry, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith, Rubens
RD and MA Richards
British Journal of Cancer 69(6), 1151-6, 1994
79. Stepping-table gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction MR angiography of
the aorta and lower extremity arteries: preliminary experience
JF Meaney, JP Ridgway, S Chakraverty, I Robertson, D Kessel, A
Radjenovic, M Kouwenhoven, A Kassner and MA Smith
Radiology 211(1), 59-67, 1999
80. Quantitative comparison of intrabrain diffusion in adults and preterm and term
neonates and infants
SF Tanner, LA Ramenghi, JP Ridgway, E Berry, MA Saysell, D Martinez, RJ
Arthur, MA Smith and Ml Levene
American Journal of Roentgenology 174(6), 1643-9, 2000
81. A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in
photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry
ND MacDougall, WG Pitchford and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, 107-121, 2002
Response to comments:
Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, L19 - 22, 2003
82. Cerebral perfusion in infants and neonates: preliminary results obtained using
dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI
SF Tanner, LG Cornette, LA Ramenghi, LS Miall, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and
Ml Levene
Archives for Disease in Childhood 88(6), F525-530, 2003
83. Evaluation of the dosimetric performance of BANG3 polymer gels
ND MacDougall, ME Miquel, DJ Wilson, SF Keevil and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, 1717 - 1726, 2005
84. T1 measurement using a short acquisition period for quantitative cardiac
applications
DM Higgins, JP Ridgway, A Radjenovic, UM Sivananthan, and MA Smith
Medical Physics 32, 1738-1746, 2005
85. A method for pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI
studies of rapidly enhancing lesions acquired in a clinical setting
A Radjenovic, JP Ridgway and MA Smith
Physics in Medicine and Biology 51, N187-N197, 2006 •
PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) •
86. Surface coils for magnetic resonance imaging
MA Smith 1986
87. Sympathetic resonance in magnetic resonance imaging
MA Smith 198
Requirements for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at a Nuclear Research Reactor
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This report summarizes the major activities and accomplishments of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) Advanced Radiotherapy Research Program for calendar year 2001. Applications of supportive research and development, as well as technology deployment in the fields of chemistry, radiation physics and dosimetry, and neutron source design and demonstration are described. Contributions in the fields of physics and biophysics include development of advanced patient treatment planning software, feasibility studies of accelerator neutron source technology for Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT), and completion of major modifications to the research reactor at Washington State University to produce an epithermal-neutron beam for NCT research applications
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