Recent advances in petri nets and concurrency

CEUR Workshop Proceeding

Coordination between multiple microservices: a systematic mapping study

Mikropalveluarkkitehtuurin suosio on kasvanut huomattavisti viimeisen kymmenen vuoden aikana sen tarjoamien hyötyjen takia, jotka ovat osittain seurausta palveluiden vähentyneestä riippuvuudesta toisiinsa. Riippumattomuutta lisää esimerkiksi hajautettu tiedonhallinta, jonka mukaan jokaisen palvelun tulisi olla vastuussa omistamansa tiedon hallinasta käyttäen sopivinta tietokantateknologiaa. Vaikka tällä voidaan saavuttaa useita etuja, aiheuttaa se myös uusia ongelmia etenkin tiedon yhtenäisyyden hallinnassa kun usean palvelun hallitsemaa tietoa täytyy muokata yhteistyössä. Tämä ongelma voitaisiin välttää käyttämällä yhteistä tietokantaa palveluiden välillä, mutta se osittain poistaisi mikropalvelun hyödyt tuomalla lisää riippuvuusuhteita mikropalveluiden välille. Tästä syystä on tärkeää tarkastella muita vaihtoehtoja hajautetun tiedon hallintaan siten, että mikropalvelun hyötyjä on mahdollista ylläpitää. Tässä työssä toteutetaan systemaattinen kirjallisuuskartoitus, jonka tavoitteena on löytää sopivia malleja usean mikropalvelun väliseen koordinointiin. Aluksi työssä tunnistetaan koordinointimallit, joista käydään paljon keskustelua kirjallisuudessa. Tämän jälkeen jokaisesta valitusta mallista keskustellaan käyttäen yhteistä keskustelukaavaa, joka sisältää mallin määrittelyn sekä hyötyjen ja haittojen listaamisen. Kirjallisuuskartoituksessa saatujen tulosten perusteella huomattiin, että mikropalveluarkkitehtuurissa suositaan malleja jotka tarjoavat lopulta yhtenäistä tulosta (eng. eventual consistent). Tämä eroaa huomattavasti perinteisistä ohjelmistoista, joissa yhtenäisyyden täytyy olla ehdoton ja toteuttaa kaikki ACID periaatteet. Ero johtuu osittain siitä, että mallit joilla voidaan tarjota ehdoton johdonmukaisuus usean palvelun välillä vähentää mahdollisuutta rinnakkaisuudelle ja lisäksi vaikuttaa palveluiden saavutettavuuteen heikentävästi. Tästä syystä mikropalveluarkkitehtuurissa usein luovutaan ehdottomasta yhtenäisyydestä, koska sen seuraksena voidaan saavuttaa korkeampi suorituskyky ja lisääntynyt saavutettavuus. Etenkin saga-mallin havaittiin olevan suosittu yhtenäisyyden hallintaan mikropalveluiden välillä, koska siitä keskusteltiin ja siihen liittyviä parannusehdotuksia ja toteutustapoja ehdotettiin useissa töissä. Vaikkakin saga-malli on tällä hetkellä yleisesti käytetty tapa mikropalveluiden välisessä koordinoinnissa, valitusta kirjallisuudesta huomattiin myös tarve ehdottoman johdonmukaisuuden toteuttaville malleille. Useita uusia malleja ehdotettiin ratkaisemaan tämänhetkisissä ratkaisuissa olevia ongelmia, mutta myös ratkaisuja joilla voitaisiin poistaa tarve usean palvelun väliseen koordinointiin ehdotettiin. Vaikka ehdotetut mallit ovatkin lupaavia, ne ovat vasta suunnitteluvaiheessa eikä niitä voida käyttää luotettavasti tai helposti teollisuusympäristössä. Tästä syystä lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan näiden uusien mallien jalostamiseen tai kokonaan uusien mallien visiontiin.The popularity of microservice architecture has risen recently due to its multiple advantages partly related to the increased independence of services. One of the features that improve independence is decentralized data management, which outlines that each service should manage its own data with preferred data management technologies. However, the usage of decentralized data management brings problems, especially with data consistency when data owned by separate microservices must be modified in coordination. To alleviate this, a shared database between services could be used as it removes the need for coordination altogether, but then again, the usage of a single database could defeat some of the benefits of microservice architecture by increasing tight coupling between services. Therefore, it is important to consider other possibilities to manage the coordination while maintaining the independence of the services. We conducted a systematic mapping study to find out suitable design patterns to manage the coordination between multiple microservices. Firstly, design patterns that seemed widely discussed and adopted were identified. After this, these patterns were presented using a template that included advantages and disadvantages for each pattern. The results gathered in the systematic mapping study show that even though traditional systems pursue strict consistency with ACID guarantees, eventual consistency patterns, such as the saga pattern, seem to be more popular in the microservice environment. This is due to drawbacks within distributed transaction protocols including limited concurrency and reduced availability which makes developers choose loosened consistency as a trade-off for higher availability and increased performance. The prevalence of the saga pattern can be seen in the selected works as there are multiple articles proposing methods to manage different parts of the pattern. Also, implementation details were mainly related to the saga pattern in the selected works. Even though the saga pattern is currently the most prevalent option, there is still interest in highly consistent coordination methods in the research community. Multiple solutions have been proposed, which either propose new consistency protocols with strict consistency guarantees or entirely new solutions to remove the need for coordination completely. However, there are no novel solutions that could manage the requirements of microservice architecture reliably in the industry setting yet. Therefore, further research is still required to refine already proposed solutions or to vision new solutions for this problem

Whole-Body Regeneration

This Open Access volume provides a comprehensive overview of the latest tools available to scientists to study the many facets of whole-body regeneration (WBR). The chapters in this book are organized into six parts. Part One provides a historical overview on the study of the WBR phenomena focusing on the primary challenges of this research. Parts Two and Three explore a series of non-vertebrate zoological contexts that provide experimental models for WBR, showing how they can be approached with cellular tools. Parts Four, Five, and Six discuss the future advancements of WBR, reporting about the cutting-edge techniques in genetics and omics used to dissect the underlying mechanisms of WBR, and systems biology approaches to reach a synthetic view of WBR. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and thorough, Whole-Body Regeneration: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers who want to learn more about this important and developing field

Proceedings of The Multi-Agent Logics, Languages, and Organisations Federated Workshops (MALLOW 2010)

http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-627/allproceedings.pdfInternational audienceMALLOW-2010 is a third edition of a series initiated in 2007 in Durham, and pursued in 2009 in Turin. The objective, as initially stated, is to "provide a venue where: the cost of participation was minimum; participants were able to attend various workshops, so fostering collaboration and cross-fertilization; there was a friendly atmosphere and plenty of time for networking, by maximizing the time participants spent together"

InDEx – Industrial Data Excellence

InDEx, the Industrial Data Excellence program, was created to investigate what industrial data can be collected, shared, and utilized for new intelligent services in high-performing, reliable and secure ways, and how to accomplish that in practice in the Finnish manufacturing industry.InDEx produced several insights into data in an industrial environment, collecting data, sharing data in the value chain and in the factory environment, and utilizing and manipulating data with artificial intelligence. Data has an important role in the future in an industrial context, but data sources and utilization mechanisms are more diverse than in cases related to consumer data. Experiences in the InDEx cases showed that there is great potential in data utili zation.Currently, successful business cases built on data sharing are either company-internal or utilize an existing value chain. The data market has not yet matured, and third-party offerings based on public and private data sources are rare. In this program, we tried out a framework that aimed to securely and in a controlled manner share data between organizations. We also worked to improve the contractual framework needed to support new business based on shared data, and we conducted a study of applicable business models. Based on this, we searched for new data-based opportunities within the project consortium. The vision of data as a tradeable good or of sharing with external partners is still to come true, but we believe that we have taken steps in the right direction.The program started in fall 2019 and ended in April 2022. The program faced restrictions caused by COVID-19, which had an effect on the intensity of the work during 2020 and 2021, and the program was extended by one year. Because of meeting restrictions, InDEx collaboration was realized through online meetings. We learned to work and collaborate using digital tools and environments. Despite the mentioned hindrances, and thanks to Business Finland’s flexibility, the extension time made it possible for most of the planned goals to be achieved.This report gives insights in the outcomes of the companies’ work within the InDEx program. DIMECC InDEx is the first finalized program by the members of the Finnish Advanced Manufacturing Network (FAMN, www.famn.fi).</p

Whole-Body Regeneration

This Open Access volume provides a comprehensive overview of the latest tools available to scientists to study the many facets of whole-body regeneration (WBR). The chapters in this book are organized into six parts. Part One provides a historical overview on the study of the WBR phenomena focusing on the primary challenges of this research. Parts Two and Three explore a series of non-vertebrate zoological contexts that provide experimental models for WBR, showing how they can be approached with cellular tools. Parts Four, Five, and Six discuss the future advancements of WBR, reporting about the cutting-edge techniques in genetics and omics used to dissect the underlying mechanisms of WBR, and systems biology approaches to reach a synthetic view of WBR. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and thorough, Whole-Body Regeneration: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers who want to learn more about this important and developing field

Excellentia Eminentia Effectio

"In these pages you will learn about the fascinating research endeavors that each of our faculty members is undertaking. We have divided their research into the broad categories of health, sustainability, information, and systems. While we recognize the imperfect nature of categorizing research that, by its very nature may be interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary, we nonetheless believe it will be helpful as a way to see the depth and breadth of our research endeavors within each grouping. As you read the profiles on these pages, I know you will begin to appreciate that, taken as a whole, the research spectrum at Columbia Engineering is exceptional and that, as our professors go about their work, they are at the cusp of making breakthroughs that will have a major impact on the way we live our lives today and tomorrow.

Application of Optimization in Production, Logistics, Inventory, Supply Chain Management and Block Chain

The evolution of industrial development since the 18th century is now experiencing the fourth industrial revolution. The effect of the development has propagated into almost every sector of the industry. From inventory to the circular economy, the effectiveness of technology has been fruitful for industry. The recent trends in research, with new ideas and methodologies, are included in this book. Several new ideas and business strategies are developed in the area of the supply chain management, logistics, optimization, and forecasting for the improvement of the economy of the society and the environment. The proposed technologies and ideas are either novel or help modify several other new ideas. Different real life problems with different dimensions are discussed in the book so that readers may connect with the recent issues in society and industry. The collection of the articles provides a glimpse into the new research trends in technology, business, and the environment

Computer Aided Verification

The open access two-volume set LNCS 12224 and 12225 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 32st International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2020, held in Los Angeles, CA, USA, in July 2020.* The 43 full papers presented together with 18 tool papers and 4 case studies, were carefully reviewed and selected from 240 submissions. The papers were organized in the following topical sections: Part I: AI verification; blockchain and Security; Concurrency; hardware verification and decision procedures; and hybrid and dynamic systems. Part II: model checking; software verification; stochastic systems; and synthesis. *The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic