Energy Efficient Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have commanded many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an important concern. This routing protocols might differ from depending on the application and the network architecture. To extend the lifetime of Wireless sensor network (WSN), an energy efficient scheme can be designed and developed via an algorithm to provide reasonable energy consumption and network for WSN. To maintain high scalability and better data aggregation, sensor nodes are often grouped into disjoint, non-overlapping subsets called clusters. Clusters create hierarchical WSNs which incorporate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes to reduce energy consumption, thus extend the lifetime of WSN. The objective of this paper is to present a state of the art survey and classification of energy efficient schemes for WSNs. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, clustering, energy efficient clustering, network lifetime, energy efficient algorithms, energy efficient routing, and sensor networks. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15024

Malicious traffic analysis in wireless sensor networks using advanced signal processing techniques

The recent advances in micro-sensor hardware technologies, along with the invention of energy-efficient protocols, have enabled a world-wide spread in wireless sensor networks deployment. These networks are used for a large number of purposes, while having small maintenance and deployment costs. However, as these are usually unattended networks, several security threats have emerged. In this work, we show how an adversary can overhear the encrypted wireless transmissions, and detect the periodic components of the wireless traffic that can further reveal the application used in the sensor network. Traffic analysis is performed in a very energy-efficient way using the compressed sensing principles. Furthermore, the periodic components are detected using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram technique. © 2013 IEEE

Performance analysis of error detection and correction code for wireless sensor networks

Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, self-organizational, multifunctional wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks can be applied to a wide range of application areas including heath, military and homeland security, environment, industry and commercial, and home. A typical wireless sensor network consists of one or more sink nodes and a large number of sensor nodes scattered in a sensor field. Each of these sensor nodes is capable to collect the data and relay the data back to the sink through a multi-hop architecture. The key challenge in sensor networks is to overcome the energy constraint since each sensor node has limited power. Hence, it is important to minimize the energy used to transmit packets over wireless links; The data transmitted from the sensor nodes are vulnerable to be corrupted by errors induced by noisy channels and other factors. Hence it is necessary to provide a proper error control scheme to reduce the bit error rate (BER) to a desired level without sacrificing other performance. Energy required for error control code has a direct impact on battery power consumption. Since high error rates are inevitable in the wireless environment, energy efficient error detection and correction scheme is vital in wireless sensor networks. However, in the literature, limited work has been focused on the study of energy efficient error control scheme; This thesis is focused on energy-efficient error detection and correction schemes for wireless sensor networks. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Analysis of Qos Aware Cloud Based Routing for Improved Security

The recent advances and the convergence of micro electro-mechanical systems technology, integrated circuit technologies, microprocessor hardware and Nano-technology, wireless communications, Ad-hoc networking routing protocols, distributed signal processing, and embedded systems have made the concept of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Sensor network nodes are limited with respect to energy supply, restricted computational capacity and communication bandwidth. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Even though sensor networks are primarily designed for monitoring and reporting events, since they are application dependent, a single routing protocol cannot be efficient for sensor networks across all applications. In this paper, we analyze the design issues of sensor networks and present a classification and comparison of routing protocols. This comparison reveals the important features that need to be taken into consideration while designing and evaluating new routing protocols for sensor networks. A reliable transmission of packet data information, with low latency and high energy-efficiency, is truly essential for wireless sensor networks, employed in delay sensitive industrial control applications. The proper selection of the routing protocol to achieve maximum efficiency is a challenging task, since latency, reliability and energy consumption are inter-related with each other. It is observed that, Quality of Service (QoS) of the network can improve by minimizing delay in packet delivery, and life time of the network, can be extend by using suitable energy efficient routing protocol

Research Paper on Firefly Optimized Leach to Reduce Energy Consumption

The recent advances in information and communication technologies enable fast development and practical applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The operation of the WSNs including sensing and communication tasks needs to be planned properly in order to achieve the application-specific objectives. The WSNs consist of a number of sensor nodes equipped with microprocessor, wireless transceiver, sensing components and energy source. These sensor nodes operate as autonomous devices to perform different tasks including sensing, communication and data processing. We made this protocol more efficient by using optimization algorithm to choose the cluster head optimally amongst all nodes in the cluster. A new evolutionary firefly Algorithm (FA) is used which is advanced than efficient PSO algorithm and more fast converging and accurate algorithm. We optimised the cluster head based on energy and distance from other neighboring nodes by this FA algorithm and achieves high residual energy than PSO optimised LEACH and conventional LEACH protocol for the same network parameters

Real-Time QoS Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Study and Analysis

Many routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. These routing protocols are almost always based on energy efficiency. However, recent advances in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras and small microphones have led to the development of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) as a class of wireless sensor networks which pose additional challenges. The transmission of imaging and video data needs routing protocols with both energy efficiency and Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics in order to guarantee the efficient use of the sensor nodes and effective access to the collected data. Also, with integration of real time applications in Wireless Senor Networks (WSNs), the use of QoS routing protocols is not only becoming a significant topic, but is also gaining the attention of researchers. In designing an efficient QoS routing protocol, the reliability and guarantee of end-to-end delay are critical events while conserving energy. Thus, considerable research has been focused on designing energy efficient and robust QoS routing protocols. In this paper, we present a state of the art research work based on real-time QoS routing protocols for WMSNs that have already been proposed. This paper categorizes the real-time QoS routing protocols into probabilistic and deterministic protocols. In addition, both categories are classified into soft and hard real time protocols by highlighting the QoS issues including the limitations and features of each protocol. Furthermore, we have compared the performance of mobility-aware query based real-time QoS routing protocols from each category using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). This paper also focuses on the design challenges and future research directions as well as highlights the characteristics of each QoS routing protocol.https://doi.org/10.3390/s15092220

Development of mobile agent framework in wireless sensor networks for multi-sensor collaborative processing

Recent advances in processor, memory and radio technology have enabled production of tiny, low-power, low-cost sensor nodes capable of sensing, communication and computation. Although a single node is resource constrained with limited power, limited computation and limited communication bandwidth, these nodes deployed in large number form a new type of network called the wireless sensor network (WSN). One of the challenges brought by WSNs is an efficient computing paradigm to support the distributed nature of the applications built on these networks considering the resource limitations of the sensor nodes. Collaborative processing between multiple sensor nodes is essential to generate fault-tolerant, reliable information from the densely-spatial sensing phenomenon. The typical model used in distributed computing is the client/server model. However, this computing model is not appropriate in the context of sensor networks. This thesis develops an energy-efficient, scalable and real-time computing model for collaborative processing in sensor networks called the mobile agent computing paradigm. In this paradigm, instead of each sensor node sending data or result to a central server which is typical in the client/server model, the information processing code is moved to the nodes using mobile agents. These agents carry the execution code and migrate from one node to another integrating result at each node. This thesis develops the mobile agent framework on top of an energy-efficient routing protocol called directed diffusion. The mobile agent framework described has been mapped to collaborative target classification application. This application has been tested in three field demos conducted at Twentynine palms, CA; BAE Austin, TX; and BBN Waltham, MA

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the sensibility of power issue in wireless sensor networks and the limitations of power sources, preserving energy issue prepossess most recent advances researches in this field. Routing protocols have considerable space in those researches, and the hierarchal algorithms like LEACH are a common kind of important techniques used to decrease energy consumption in sensor networks. It increases the network scalability and prolonging network lifetime. Hierarchal based energy efficient routing protocols should be designed to adapt with characteristics of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In this paper a new LEACH based clustering scheme for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks proposed, which is called master, advance, and normal nodes LEACH (MAN-LEACH) deal with heterogeneity and attempt to remedy some original LEACH drawbacks. In MAN-LEACH, the cluster heads are selected by take in consideration the ratio between residual energy of each node in network after certain round and the average energy of the network. So the chances to become a cluster head for nodes are differ according to the residual energy they have. Also MAN-LEACH introduced multi levels of amplifying energy to transmit packets through network, the lowest level used to transmission between cluster members and cluster head, the middle to transmit between cluster heads and highest level used to transmit between cluster heads and base station. The performance of MAN-LEACH evaluated against three other protocol approaches LEACH, MOD-LEACH, DEEC, and simulation results show that MAN-LEACH gives longer lifetime, highest average residual energy rate, and highest rate in transferring packets to base statio