Mean-Field Theory of Meta-Learning

We discuss here the mean-field theory for a cellular automata model of meta-learning. The meta-learning is the process of combining outcomes of individual learning procedures in order to determine the final decision with higher accuracy than any single learning method. Our method is constructed from an ensemble of interacting, learning agents, that acquire and process incoming information using various types, or different versions of machine learning algorithms. The abstract learning space, where all agents are located, is constructed here using a fully connected model that couples all agents with random strength values. The cellular automata network simulates the higher level integration of information acquired from the independent learning trials. The final classification of incoming input data is therefore defined as the stationary state of the meta-learning system using simple majority rule, yet the minority clusters that share opposite classification outcome can be observed in the system. Therefore, the probability of selecting proper class for a given input data, can be estimated even without the prior knowledge of its affiliation. The fuzzy logic can be easily introduced into the system, even if learning agents are build from simple binary classification machine learning algorithms by calculating the percentage of agreeing agents.Comment: 23 page

Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe: NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010

The goal of this European Science Foundation Forward Look into the future of Nuclear Physics is to bring together the entire Nuclear Physics community in Europe to formulate a coherent plan of the best way to develop the field in the coming decade and beyond.<p></p> The primary aim of Nuclear Physics is to understand the origin, evolution, structure and phases of strongly interacting matter, which constitutes nearly 100% of the visible matter in the universe. This is an immensely important and challenging task that requires the concerted effort of scientists working in both theory and experiment, funding agencies, politicians and the public.<p></p> Nuclear Physics projects are often “big science”, which implies large investments and long lead times. They need careful forward planning and strong support from policy makers. This Forward Look provides an excellent tool to achieve this. It represents the outcome of detailed scrutiny by Europe’s leading experts and will help focus the views of the scientific community on the most promising directions in the field and create the basis for funding agencies to provide adequate support.<p></p> The current NuPECC Long Range Plan 2010 “Perspectives of Nuclear Physics in Europe” resulted from consultation with close to 6 000 scientists and engineers over a period of approximately one year. Its detailed recommendations are presented on the following pages. For the interested public, a short summary brochure has been produced to accompany the Forward Look.<p></p&gt

Detección de movimiento en tiempo real utilizando flujo óptico

This paper shows the implementation the optical flow algorithms and feature extraction for recognition and objects detection in real time with a sequence of images. The algorithms used are optical flow, SIFT and SURF. It was conducted a study on the influence of changes in the ambient lighting of the scene examine the functioning and performance of each proposed algorithms. During illumination changes was found that the points of interest between two consecutive images is reduced because detection algorithms are not similar patterns and levels of intensity are different. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm is functional in scenes where the brightness is constant and not less than 1 Lux, it provides a useful tool for surveillance systems and mobil robot.Se muestra la implementación de algoritmos de flujo óptico y extracción de características para el reconocimiento y detección de objetos en tiempo real de una secuencia de imágenes. Se implementaron algoritmos de flujo óptico y de detección de características SIFT, SURF y un estudio sobre la influencia de los cambios de iluminación en el ambiente de la escena analizando el funcionamiento y desempeño. Durante los cambios de iluminación se encontró que los puntos de interés entre dos imágenes consecutivas se reducen debido a que los algoritmos de detección no encuentran patrones similares y todos los niveles de intensidad son diferentes. Los resultados experimentales muestran que el algoritmo propuesto es funcional en escenas donde la luminosidad es constante y no es inferior a 1 Lux, se entrega una herramienta útil para sistemas de vigilancia y robótica móvil

Recent advances in upscalable wet methods and ink formulations for printed electronics

This review deals with the use of solution processing approaches for organic electronics with a focus on material ink formulations as well as on their applicability. The solution processing techniques include methods like gravure printing, screen printing and ink-jet printing. Basic principles of each approach are understood and fundamental correlations between material (metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics) ink properties and final device performances can be drawn. Nevertheless, solution processing methods have the potential to evolve as the most promising tools in organic device fabrication techniques and have already been applied successfully in the fields of organic thin film transistors, solar cells and biosensing devices

Invitro measurement of glucose concentration in water solution by optical methods.

Chu Lut-Hey.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-140).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Abstract --- p.IIAcknowledgement --- p.VList of Tables --- p.IXList of Figures --- p.XList of Abbreviations --- p.XIIIChapter 1 --- IntroductionChapter 1.1 --- Objectives.l --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- What is diabetes mellitus?. --- p.1Chapter 1.3 --- "Review of ""Technique for blood glucose measurement""" --- p.3Chapter 1.3.1 --- Conventional blood glucose meter --- p.4Chapter 1.3.2 --- Semi-invasive blood glucose meter --- p.5Chapter 1.3.3 --- Surfacelasmon resonance (SPR) method --- p.6Chapter 1.3.4 --- Non-invasive blood glucose meters --- p.7Chapter 1.4 --- Research directions --- p.8Chapter 1.5 --- Data analysis methods --- p.9Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.10Chapter 2 --- Spectral Data Analysis MethodsChapter 2.1 --- What is spectral data? --- p.12Chapter 2.2 --- Nature of spectral data --- p.12Chapter 2.3 --- How to interpret the spectral data? --- p.15Chapter 2.3.1 --- Linear regression --- p.15Chapter 2.3.2 --- Multiple linear regression (MLR) --- p.17Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Data reduction --- p.19Chapter 2.3.3 --- Bilinear modeling (BLM) --- p.21Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- artial least square regression (PLSR) --- p.23Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Model reliability --- p.24Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- LS segmentation analysis --- p.25Chapter 2.4 --- Session discussion and conclusion --- p.27Chapter 3 --- Surfacelasmon Resonance (SPR) Experiments and AnalysisChapter 3.1 --- Intrcduction --- p.29Chapter 3.2 --- Theory --- p.30Chapter 3.2.1 --- Maxwell's equations --- p.30Chapter 3.2.2 --- olarization of EM wave --- p.32Chapter 3.2.3 --- Boundary condition --- p.33Chapter 3.2.4 --- Total internal reflection --- p.37Chapter 3.2.5 --- hase shift of total internal reflection wave --- p.38Chapter 3.2.6 --- Kretschmannrism configuration --- p.38Chapter 3.2.7 --- Conditions affecting SPR --- p.41Chapter 3.3 --- Different SPR configuration systems --- p.44Chapter 3.3.1 --- rinciple of angular-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.44Chapter 3.3.2 --- rinciple of intensity-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.45Chapter 3.3.3 --- rinciple of wavelength-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.45Chapter 3.3.4 --- hase-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.47Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Michelson Interferometer --- p.48Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Thehase-based setup --- p.49Chapter 3.3.5 --- Comparison and discussion of different configurations --- p.51Chapter 3.4 --- SPR experiment adopts wavelengths-based interrogation setup --- p.54Chapter 3.4.1 --- The experiment setup --- p.54Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Samplereparation --- p.58Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Experiment Result using 928 nm and 1120 nm initial resonant wavelength --- p.58Chapter 3.4.2 --- Experimental data analysis --- p.60Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Conventional SPR data analysis --- p.61Chapter 3.4.2.1.1 --- Data analysis using minimum hunting witholynomial fit --- p.62Chapter 3.4.3 --- LS regression analysis for SPR data --- p.67Chapter 3.5 --- Session discussion and conclusion --- p.71Chapter 4 --- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment and AnalysisChapter 4.1 --- Overview of near-infrared spectroscopy --- p.74Chapter 4.1.1 --- Electromagnetic spectrum --- p.75Chapter 4.1.2 --- Molecules vibration --- p.76Chapter 4.1.3 --- Law of absorption: Lambert-Beer Law --- p.77Chapter 4.2 --- Near Infrared Spectrometer --- p.79Chapter 4.2.1 --- Dispersive NIR spectrometer --- p.79Chapter 4.2.2 --- Fourier-Transformed NIR spectrometer --- p.83Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison between dispersive NIR and FT-NIR spectrometers --- p.85Chapter 4.2.4 --- Self-established monochromator based spectrometer --- p.87Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Choose of detector andhotonic signal conversion unit --- p.90Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental result of NIR-spectrum by self-established spectrometer --- p.95Chapter 4.3.1 --- New approach for improving RMSEP without normalization of water spectrum as background information --- p.105Chapter 4.4 --- Experimental results of NIR-spectrum by commercial spectrometers --- p.109Chapter 4.5 --- Instrumentation limitation of NIR spectrometer --- p.117Chapter 4.6 --- Session Discussion and conclusion --- p.119Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Suggestions for the Future WorkChapter 5.1 --- Research aim and contributions --- p.126Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion on experiments --- p.128Chapter 5.3 --- Future work --- p.131Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.134Reference: --- p.136Appendixes: --- p.141Appendix A Different approaches for non-invasive glucose measurement --- p.142Appendix B Calibration model of the SPR experimental result with 1120 nm as initial resonance wavelength --- p.145Appendix C Matlabrogram written for data analysis and simulation --- p.146Appendix D Detail specification of the monochromator using in our laboratory --- p.150Appendix E Monochromator Controlrogram --- p.156Appendix F The throughput example copied from the handbook of ORIEL Instruments --- p.165Appendix G RMSEPlot of the data obtained by self-established spectrometer with and without datare-treatments --- p.166"Appendix H RMSEPlot of the raw data obtained from the three different commercial machines (Vector-22N/C, NIRSystem 6500 and NIRSystem XDS) with and without datare-treatment" --- p.17

True linearized intensity modulation for photonic analog to digital conversion using an injection-locked mode-locked laser

A true linearized interferometric intensity modulator for pulsed light has been proposed and experimentally presented in this thesis. This has been achieved by introducing a mode-locked laser into one of the arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and injection-locking it to the input light (which is pulsed and periodic). By modulating the injection-locked laser, and combining its output light with the light from the other arm of interferometer in quadrature, one can achieve true linearized intensity modulator. This linearity comes from the arcsine phase response of the injection-locked mode-locked laser (as suggested by steady-state solution of Adler\u27s equation) when it is being modulated. Mode-locked lasers are fabricated using a novel AlGaInAs-InP material system. By using the BCB for planarization and minimizing the metal pad size and directly modulating the laser, we have achieved very effective fundamental hybrid mode-locking at the repetition rate of ~ 23 GHz. This laser also provided the short pulses of 860 fs and 280 fs timing jitter integrated from 1 Hz- 100 MHz. The linearized intensity modulator has been built by using two identical two-section mode-locked lasers with the same length, one as the slave laser in one of the arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer injection-locked to the other one as the master which is the input light to the modulator. A low V? of 8.5 mV is achieved from this modulator. Also the current of the gain section or the voltage of the saturable absorber section of the slave laser has been used to apply the modulation signal. A spur free dynamic range of 70 dB.Hz2/3 is achieved when modulating the modulator through the saturable absorber. Modulating the saturable absorber provides a reduced third-order intermodulation tone with respect to modulating the gain. This is simply because of the unwanted amplitude modulation created when modulating the gain section current. Finally an improved design is proposed and demonstrated to improve the modulator performance. This is achieved by introducing a third section to the laser. Using the impurity free vacancy disordering technique the photoluminescence peak of this section is blue-shifted selectively and therefore there would not be any absorption in that passive section. By applying the modulation signal to this passive section rather than applying it to the gain section or saturable absorber section, the amplitude and phase modulation could be decoupled. The experimental results have presented here and an almost six-fold reduction in V? and 5 dB improvement in spur free dynamic range have been achieved. The proposed and demonstrated configuration as an analog optical link has the potential to increase the performance and resolution of photonic analog-to-digital converters

Optical MEMS

Optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), or optical microsystems are devices or systems that interact with light through actuation or sensing at a micro- or millimeter scale. Optical MEMS have had enormous commercial success in projectors, displays, and fiberoptic communications. The best-known example is Texas Instruments’ digital micromirror devices (DMDs). The development of optical MEMS was impeded seriously by the Telecom Bubble in 2000. Fortunately, DMDs grew their market size even in that economy downturn. Meanwhile, in the last one and half decade, the optical MEMS market has been slowly but steadily recovering. During this time, the major technological change was the shift of thin-film polysilicon microstructures to single-crystal–silicon microsructures. Especially in the last few years, cloud data centers are demanding large-port optical cross connects (OXCs) and autonomous driving looks for miniature LiDAR, and virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) demands tiny optical scanners. This is a new wave of opportunities for optical MEMS. Furthermore, several research institutes around the world have been developing MOEMS devices for extreme applications (very fine tailoring of light beam in terms of phase, intensity, or wavelength) and/or extreme environments (vacuum, cryogenic temperatures) for many years. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on (1) novel design, fabrication, control, and modeling of optical MEMS devices based on all kinds of actuation/sensing mechanisms; and (2) new developments of applying optical MEMS devices of any kind in consumer electronics, optical communications, industry, biology, medicine, agriculture, physics, astronomy, space, or defense