376,955 research outputs found
Fast Spectrometry System with Using Tunable Laser Diode
Basic prohlems are discussed about a local, realtime and very sensitive air-pollution monitoring using a laser diode. The method employs the second derivative spectrometry replacing the incoherent light source and mechanical choppers in a traditional method with the laser diode and a newly developed electronic system. Etalon fringes at this system becomes the dominant noise source and its statistic and dynamical features are to be understood. Numerical examination was done for the optimal width of optical frequency modulation. A very fast measurement of weak absorption spectra became possible by the development of lock-in-amplifiers with finite integration time instead of a low-pass filter. Spectra of methane in 7.6 μm region and a time-dependent spectrum
of the etaIon fringe are shown
Multiwavelength Properties of Blazars
The multiwavelength spectra of blazars appear to be dominated by nonthermal
emission from a relativistic jet oriented close to the line of sight. The
recent detection of many blazars at gamma-ray energies strongly supports this
scenario. High quality multiwavelength monitoring data for the brightest one or
two blazars suggest the optical through X-ray continuum is synchrotron emission
from an inhomogeneous jet. The gamma-rays are likely due to Compton scattering
of lower energy photons, either from within the jet or from the surrounding
gas. The physical properties of the jet and the way in which it is produced are
still largely a mystery but are probably related in some way to accretion onto
a central supermassive black hole. There is little direct observational
evidence for accretion disks in blazars, although there is evidence for winds
which might emanate from disks.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, latex file with encapsulated postscript. Invited
review presented at the 1996 COSPAR Scientific Assembly (Birmingham UK 14-21
July), in session E1.4 on The Variability of AGN and its Relation to
Accretion Disk Phenomenology; paper to appear in Adv. Space Scienc
Power quality and electromagnetic compatibility: special report, session 2
The scope of Session 2 (S2) has been defined as follows by the Session Advisory Group and the Technical Committee: Power Quality (PQ), with the more general concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and with some related safety problems in electricity distribution systems.
Special focus is put on voltage continuity (supply reliability, problem of outages) and voltage quality (voltage level, flicker, unbalance, harmonics). This session will also look at electromagnetic compatibility (mains frequency to 150 kHz), electromagnetic interferences and electric and magnetic fields issues. Also addressed in this session are electrical safety and immunity concerns (lightning issues, step, touch and transferred voltages).
The aim of this special report is to present a synthesis of the present concerns in PQ&EMC, based on all selected papers of session 2 and related papers from other sessions, (152 papers in total). The report is divided in the following 4 blocks:
Block 1: Electric and Magnetic Fields, EMC, Earthing systems
Block 2: Harmonics
Block 3: Voltage Variation
Block 4: Power Quality Monitoring
Two Round Tables will be organised:
- Power quality and EMC in the Future Grid (CIGRE/CIRED WG C4.24, RT 13)
- Reliability Benchmarking - why we should do it? What should be done in future? (RT 15
A comparative study of multiwavelength blazar variability on decades to minutes timescales
Multiwavelength blazar variability is produced by noise-like processes with the power-law form of power spectral density (PSD). We present the results of our detailed investigation of multiwavelength ( γ -ray and optical) light curves covering decades to minutes timescales, of two BL Lac objects namely, PKS 0735+178 and OJ 287. The PSDs are derived using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method. Our systematic approach reveals that OJ 287 is, on average, more variable than PKS 0735+178 at both optical and γ -ray energies on the corresponding time scales. On timescales shorter than ∼10 days, due to continuous and dense monitoring by the Kepler satellite, a steepening of power spectrum is observed for OJ 287. This indicates the necessity of an intermittent process generating variability on intra-night timescales for OJ 287
ROSAT monitoring of persistent giant and rapid variability in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809
We report evidence for persistent giant and rapid X-ray variability in the
radio-quiet, ultrasoft, strong Fe II, narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS
13224-3809. Within a 30 day ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI) monitoring
observation at least five giant amplitude count rate variations are visible,
with the maximum observed amplitude of variability being about a factor of 60.
We detect a rise by a factor of about 57 in just two days. IRAS 13224-3809
appears to be the most X-ray variable Seyfert known, and its variability is
probably nonlinear. We carefully check the identification of the highly
variable X-ray source with the distant galaxy, and it appears to be secure. We
examine possible explanations for the giant variability. Unusually strong
relativistic effects and partial covering by occulting structures on an
accretion disc can provide plausible explanations of the X-ray data, and we
explore these two scenarios. Relativistic boosting effects may be relevant to
understanding the strong X-ray variability of some steep spectrum Seyferts more
generally.Comment: 14 pages, submitted to MNRA
Oil film measurement in polytetrafluoroethylene-faced thrust pad bearings for hydrogenerator applications
There is a growing trend in the replacement of the babbit facing in thrust pad bearings with a composite polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface layer. The PTFE-faced bearings have been shown to allow a greater specific pressure, reduce thermal crowning, and, in some cases, negate the need for an oil-lift (jacking) system. These designs of bearing require new methods for the measurement of oil film thickness both to assist in their development and for plant condition monitoring. In this work, an ultrasonic method of oil film measurement is evaluated for this purpose. An ultrasonic transducer is mounted on the back face of the thrust pad. Pulses are generated and transmitted through the pad material, bonding interlayer, and PTFE surface layer. The proportion of the wave that reflects back from the oil film layer is determined. This is then related to the oil film thickness using a series of calibration experiments and a spring stiffness model. In practice, the reflected signal is difficult to distinguish, in the time domain, from other internal reflections from the pad. Signals are compared with reflections when no oil film is present and processing is carried out in the frequency domain. Experiments have been performed on a full size PTFE-faced thrust pad destined for a hydroelectric power station turbine. The instrumented pad was installed in a test facility and subjected to a range of loading conditions both with and without oil lift. Although there were some problems with the robustness of the experimental procedure, oil films were successfully measured and used to study the effect of the oil-lift system on film formation. © IMechE 2006
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