The Analysis of Process in Selected Speeches of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

One aim of this article is to show many kinds of speeches of process in speech. The example of speech is the speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The purpose of this journal is to find out types of processes, they are; material process, mental process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process. It was found that the types of processes in the five speeches of President Bambang Yudhoyono are 1387 verbs and classified the verb into 868 verbs as Material process (62.58%), 46 verbs as Mental process (3.31%), 130 verbs as Relational process (9.37%), 208 verbs as Behavioral process (15%), 25 verbs as Verbal process (1.80%), and 110 verbs as Existential process (7.94%). From the data, it could be known that the dominant process in the selected speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was Material process

Relevance verbs in English and French: synonymy and its structural properties

This study deals with a particular group of predicates called "predicates/verbs of relevance" or "predicates/verbs of indifference" in the literature. Its purpose is to investigate to what extent verbs of this particular group present common structural properties. It therefore seeks to establish the structural manifestations of synonymy. These structural manifestations are not to be found in argument-function mapping a la Levin (1993), but rather in polarity, decategorialization and sentence structure. Corpus data reveal that syntax, semantics and pragmatics interact in particular ways in the field of relevance. This interaction appears to be grounded in pragmatic constraints arising from the principle of relevance (Sperber and Wilson 1986). The basic idea is that, as relevance is presupposed in human communication and need not be expressed, verbs of relevance are more likely to be used with negative than with positive polarity. Used with positive polarity, they tend to occur in sentence forms that present them as strongly presupposed. Used with negative polarity, they are more likely to occur in the focal area of the sentence. As statements about relevance express speaker's points of view, relevance verbs are also markers of intersubjectivity and are therefore subject to grammaticalization phenomena, such as the omission of prepositions

What particle verbs have to do with grammatical aspect in early child english

The current study investigates the relation between aspect and particle verbs in the acquisition of English. Its purpose is to determine whether children associate telicity, as argued in previous studies, or rather perfectivity, which entails completion of a telic situation, with their early particle verb use. The study analyzes naturalistic data of four monolingual children between 1;6 and 3;8 from CHILDES acquiring English as their first language. On the one hand, it finds that children use both –ed and irregular perfective morphology with simplex verbs before particle verbs. They further use imperfective before perfective morphology with particle verbs. These findings suggest that there is no correlation between telic particle verbs and perfective morphology, as would have been predicted on an account which claims that lexical aspect of predicates guides the acquisition of grammatical aspect (Olsen & Weinberg 1999). On the other hand, the study finds that the children’s particle verbs denote telic situations from early on, but not half of them were used to refer to situations that are also completed. This finding questions analyses which claim that, at an initial stage, children will only interpret predicates as telic if they refer to situations that are at the same time completed. Completion information is not necessary for children in order to use particle verbs correctly for telic situations, as would have been predicted on an extended account along the lines of Wagner (2001). As a conclusion, it is suggested that the divergent findings result from a difference in methodology. While restrictions of perfective and imperfective morphology to particular classes of lexical aspect pertain to the production of grammatical aspect morphology, perfective and imperfective viewpoints on situations pertain to the level of interpretation of telic and atelic situations

The Typology and Semantic Functions of Reporting Verbs in Online editorials of Philippine newspapers

The purpose of this study is to examine and determine the typology and the semantic functions of the reporting verbs used in the editorial sections of five Philippine online newspapers. Quantitative analysis was assumed in procuring the frequency counts and percentages of the data to be analyzed while qualitative analysis was applied in analyzing and categorizing the typology and semantic characteristics of the reporting verbs. The corpus of the study involved online editorial sections of five Philippine newspapers. Reporting verbs were highlighted or marked each time they appeared in every reporting sentence from the online editorials. Manual tallying was employed in obtaining the frequencies. Afterwards, the reporting verbs underwent examination and categorization for its typology and semantic characteristics. Findings show that the reporting verbs discovered from the online editorial sections were divided into five semantic categories. These categories were as follows: communication verbs, mental verbs, activity verbs, causative verbs, and verbs of aspect. Also, most of the reporting verbs found were from the communication category. As regards the typology, results show that all online editorial sections from the five Philippine online newspapers employed and examined used a significant deal of reporting verbs which were considered as public in reporting information

Латышские глаголы на -ēt: семантика vs. спряжение

The conjugation of secondary Latvian verbs is determined with high accuracy by their suffixes. However, verbs with the suffix -ē- are different: they are more or less equally divided between the traditional second and third conjugations. The article sets out to prove or disprove the hypothesis that the assignment of Latvian verbs with the suffix -ē- to a specific conjugation correlates with their semantics. For that purpose, 705 disyllabic verbs ending in -ēt were collected and marked by their origin, transitivity, and conjugation. Verbs that are not obvious borrowings were then divided into semantic classes. As a result of the semantic classification, the working hypothesis was confirmed: second conjugation verbs ending in -ēt predominantly denote agentive actions (creation, destruction, modification, etc.), whereas third conjugation verbs usually denote phenomena, processes, states, and sound production. The results suggest that the Latvian verbal system exhibits a close interrelation between semantics and morphology

Syntactic combinations of verbs in Lakota Sioux (Teton Dakota)

The purpose of this thesis is to explain the differences among syntactic combinations of verbs in Lakota Sioux (Teton Dakota). The thesis at first examines the literature on combinations of verbs in Lakota. Thereafter criteria for distinguishing morphological combinations of verbs (compounds) and syntactic combinations of verbs are set forth. The criteria are: potential for replacement, regularity of meaning, and potential for variation in inflection. The emphasis of the thesis is on the classification of syntactic combinations of verbs which it proposes. The classification contains six classes, two of which are subdivided. The classification is based on the interaction of several criteria, viz. meaning, the identity of the verbs of the combination, inflection for subject and plural (-pi), and certain morphophonemic changes (the drop of final a or the change of final a or ą to e in the verb in first position). Differences in stress patterns and the occurrence of prefixes are noted. Examples of occurrences of combinations of verbs were filed on cards, which numbered approximately 1150. These cards were filed by types of combinations of verbs

A broad-coverage distributed connectionist model of visual word recognition

In this study we describe a distributed connectionist model of morphological processing, covering a realistically sized sample of the English language. The purpose of this model is to explore how effects of discrete, hierarchically structured morphological paradigms, can arise as a result of the statistical sub-regularities in the mapping between word forms and word meanings. We present a model that learns to produce at its output a realistic semantic representation of a word, on presentation of a distributed representation of its orthography. After training, in three experiments, we compare the outputs of the model with the lexical decision latencies for large sets of English nouns and verbs. We show that the model has developed detailed representations of morphological structure, giving rise to effects analogous to those observed in visual lexical decision experiments. In addition, we show how the association between word form and word meaning also give rise to recently reported differences between regular and irregular verbs, even in their completely regular present-tense forms. We interpret these results as underlining the key importance for lexical processing of the statistical regularities in the mappings between form and meaning

On some Turkish auxiliary verbs in Giovanni Molino’s "Dittionario della lingua italiana, turchesca" (1641)

Some Turkish verbs, besides their basic function, have an auxiliary function, forming compound verbs with nominal forms. This function is known not only in modern Turkish but also in Ottoman-Turkish. The purpose of this paper is to present the verbs etmek, olmak, eylemek, kılmak as examples of this function. The lexical material excerpted from Giovanni Molino’s seventeenth-century Italian-Turkish Dictionary constitutes the basis for the analysis. When analysing the material we can ascertain that in Ottoman-Turkish the verb etmek especially was frequently involved in the process of forming compound verbs, olmak rather less so, with eylemek and kılmak rarely performing this function. Indeed, the verbs etmek and olmak can still be observed to perform this function in modern Turkish, however, not on the same scale as in Ottoman-Turkish

Differential patterns of noun-verb naming and the verb argument complexity in persons with aphasia and normal elderly adults

The purpose of the study was to investigate 1) whether persons with aphasia (PWA) showed differential patterns between noun and verb naming tasks compared to normal elderly individuals (NEI) and 2) whether the two groups showed differential effects of verb argument complexity on a Korean-verb naming task. Results revealed that PWA showed differentially greater difficulties in verbs than nouns compared to NEI. PWA presented worse performance on unaccusative and 3-place verbs than unergative verbs. However, these patterns were not observed in NEA. Dissociated patterns of verb argument complexity were discussed with respect to Korean-specific verb argument structures