6,173 research outputs found
LA2050
LA2050 is an initiative to create a shared vision for the future of Los Angeles, and to drive and track progress toward that vision. Spearheaded by the Goldhirsh Foundation, the LA2050 Report has looked at the health of the region along well-defined indicators (Arts & Cultural Vitality, Education, Environmental Quality, Health, Housing, Income & Employment, Public Safety, and Social Connectedness), and made informed projections about where we'll be in the year 2050 if we continue on this current path
Maximizing Impact: An Integrated Strategy for Grantmaking and Mission Investing in Climate Change
With funding from The Surdna Foundation, FSG has developed this report to help foundations identify how various mission investing instruments and opportunities can help them create greater impact. Guided by an expert Advisory Board and based on interviews with more than 50 practitioners from the field, the report provides a framework for foundations to think about how mission investments can create the greatest impact when combined with grants in an integrated program portfolio, with a specific focus on climate change
Quantitative analysis of take-off forces in birds
The increasing interest on Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV’s) and their several utilities blended
with the need of easy carrying and also the stealth, lead to the need to create the concept of
Micro Air Vehicles (MAV’s) and the Nano Air Vehicles (NAV’s). Due to the current interest and
the present lack of knowledge on the insect’s and bird’s flight, this study was intended to
interpret the forces involved on the moment of the take-off of a bird, recurring to an
experiment involving a fast data acquisition force sensor and high speed camera, in addition
known facts from earlier studies. In order to do that a bibliographic revision was done, to
know what was already studied and to find what could yet be studied. That way could be
formed a link on the factors involved on the propulsion of a bird at the moment of take-off.
The main conclusions obtained by this work is that the bird can produce movements that will
enhance the total moment when the bird stretches its neck forward and moving head down
followed by stretching even more its neck and moving head up impelling himself into the air,
resulting in a main role on the mechanical forces (against perch) for the bird first moments
momentum. Columba livia can generate about 4 times its weight worth mechanic force
(against perch) and above 8 times its weight during the 2nd downstroke.O interesse crescente nos VeĂculos AĂ©reos nĂŁo Tripulados “Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV’s)” e
suas diversas utilidades em conjunto com a necessidade de seu fácil transporte e furtividade,
levaram Ă necessidade de criar o conceito dos Micro VeĂculos AĂ©reos “Micro Air Vehicles
(MAV’s)” e os Nano VeĂculos AĂ©reos “Nano Air Vehicles (NAV’s)”. Este tipo de veĂculos tem
como fonte inspiradora os insetos e aves devido à necessária produção simultânea de
sustentação e propulsão. Tal como no voo convencional, também no voo animal podem ser
identificadas as fases de levantamento (descolagem) e aterragem como diferenciadas do voo
longe de uma superfĂcie de apoio. Este trabalho Ă© dedicado ao estudo da fase de
levantamento de voo de uma ave columba livia. Foram realizadas experiĂŞncias para medir a
força inicial produzida pela ave para iniciar o voo e a respetiva trajetória na zona próxima do
ponto de apoio inicial. Estas medidas foram efetuadas com um sensor de força dotado de
elevada velocidade de aquisição de dados e uma camara de alta velocidade. As principais
conclusões obtidas com a realização deste trabalho é o facto de que a ave consegue produzir
movimentos, que aumentar o momento total quando a ave estica o pescoço para a frente e
movendo a cabeça para baixo seguido por continuação de esticamento do pescoço e
movimento da cabeça para cima impelindo-se para o ar, resultando num papel principal
relativamente às forças mecânicas (contra o poleiro) para o momento linear actuante nos
primeiros momentos. Columba livia consegue gerar cerca de 4 vezes o seu peso em força
mecânica e acima de 8 vezes o seu peso durante o 2º downstroke
Design and Control of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles
Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) continues to be a growing field, with ongoing research into unsteady, low Re aerodynamics, micro-fabrication, and fluid-structure interaction. However, research into flapping wing control of such MAVs continues to lag. Existing research uniformly consists of proposed control laws that are validated by computer simulations of quasi-steady blade-element formulae. Such simulations use numerous assumptions and cannot be trusted to fully describe the flow physics. Instead, such control laws must be validated on hardware. Here, a novel control technique is proposed called Bi-harmonic Amplitude and Bias Modulation (BABM) which can generate forces and moments in 5 vehicle degrees of freedom with only two actuators. Several MAV prototypes were designed and manufactured with independently controllable wings capable of prescribing arbitrary wing trajectories. The forces and moments generated by a MAV utilizing the BABM control technique were measured on a 6-component balance. These experiments verified that a prototype can generate uncoupled forces and moments for motion in five degrees of freedom when using the BABM control technique, and that these forces can be approximated by quasi-steady blade-element formulae. Finally, the prototype performed preliminary controlled flight in constrained motion experiments, further demonstrating the feasibility of BABM
Capacitive power transfer for maritime electrical charging applications
Wireless power transfer can provide the convenience of automatic charging while the ships or maritime vehicles are docking, mooring, or in a sailing maneuver. It can address the challenges facing conventional wired charging technologies, including long charging and queuing time, wear and tear of the physical contacts, handling cables and wires, and electric shock hazards. Capacitive power transfer (CPT) is one of the wireless charging technologies that has received attention in on-road electric vehicle charging applications. By the main of electric fields, CPT offers an inexpensive and light charging solution with good misalignment performance. Thus, this study investigates the CPT system in which air and water are the separation medium for the electrical wireless charging of small ships and unmanned maritime vehicles.
Unlike on-road charging applications, air or water can be utilized as charging mediums to charge small ships and unmanned maritime vehicles. Because of the low permittivity of the air, the air-gapped capacitive coupling in the Pico Farad range requires a mega-hertz operating frequency to transfer power over a few hundred millimeters. This study examines an air-gapped CPT system to transfer about 135 W at a separation distance of 50 mm, a total efficiency of approximately 83.9%, and a 1 MHz operating efficiency. At 13.56 MHz, the study tested a shielded air-gapped CPT system that transfers about 100 W at a separation distance of 30 mm and a total efficiency of about 87%. The study also examines the underwater CPT system by submerging the couplers in water to increase the capacitive coupling. The system can transfer about 129 W at a separation distance of 300 mm, a total efficiency of aboutapproximately%, and a 1.1 MHz operating efficiency. These CPT systems can upscale to provide a few kW for small ships and unmanned maritime vehicles. But they are still facing several challenges that need further investigations
Integration of an Autopilot for a Micro Air Vehicle
Two autopilots providing autonomous flight capabilities are presented herein. The first is the Pico-Pilot, demonstrated for the 12-inch size class of micro air vehicles. The second is the MicroPilot MP2028(sup g), where its integration into a 36-inch Zagi airframe (tailless, elevons only configuration) is investigated and is the main focus of the report. Analytical methods, which include the use of the Advanced Aircraft Analysis software from DARCorp, were used to determine the stability and control derivatives, which were then validated through wind tunnel experiments. From the aerodynamic data, the linear, perturbed equations of motion from steady-state flight conditions may be cast in terms of these derivatives. Using these linear equations, transfer functions for the control and navigation systems were developed and feedback control laws based on Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) control design were developed to control the aircraft. The PID gains may then be programmed into the autopilot software and uploaded to the microprocessor of the autopilot. The Pico-Pilot system was flight tested and shown to be successful in navigating a 12-inch MAV through a course defined by a number of waypoints with a high degree of accuracy, and in 20 mph winds. The system, though, showed problems with control authority in the roll and pitch motion of the aircraft: causing oscillations in these directions, but the aircraft maintained its heading while following the prescribed course. Flight tests were performed in remote control mode to evaluate handling, adjust trim, and test data logging for the Zagi with integrated MP2028(sup g). Ground testing was performed to test GPS acquisition, data logging, and control response in autonomous mode. Technical difficulties and integration limitations with the autopilot prevented fully autonomous flight from taking place, but the integration methodologies developed for this autopilot are, in general, applicable for unmanned air vehicles within the 36-inch size class or larger that use a PID control based autopilot
Effect of Varying Reynolds Number On The Aerodynamic Design of Lifting Surfaces
The design of an airfoil section is a critical part of the performance of a lifting surface. Historically, airfoil designs have evolved based on the Reynolds number which encompasses the scale and the fluid momentum effects on airfoil behavior. From insect flight at low Reynolds numbers to supersonic jets at high Reynolds numbers, this review highlights the varying airfoil designs that maximize performance of the lifting surface. As humans move towards the exploration of planets using rotary winged vehicles, airfoil designs must accommodate for unexplored flow environments. Designs are discussed for compressible ultra-low Reynolds number flows in the Martian environment and Reynolds number flows several times higher than on Earth in the dense Titan atmosphere. The process for design and optimization of airfoils involves both computational and experimental approaches. The performance of future air vehicles depends on the ability to design airfoils for an expanding range of environments
A 64mW DNN-based Visual Navigation Engine for Autonomous Nano-Drones
Fully-autonomous miniaturized robots (e.g., drones), with artificial
intelligence (AI) based visual navigation capabilities are extremely
challenging drivers of Internet-of-Things edge intelligence capabilities.
Visual navigation based on AI approaches, such as deep neural networks (DNNs)
are becoming pervasive for standard-size drones, but are considered out of
reach for nanodrones with size of a few cm. In this work, we
present the first (to the best of our knowledge) demonstration of a navigation
engine for autonomous nano-drones capable of closed-loop end-to-end DNN-based
visual navigation. To achieve this goal we developed a complete methodology for
parallel execution of complex DNNs directly on-bard of resource-constrained
milliwatt-scale nodes. Our system is based on GAP8, a novel parallel
ultra-low-power computing platform, and a 27 g commercial, open-source
CrazyFlie 2.0 nano-quadrotor. As part of our general methodology we discuss the
software mapping techniques that enable the state-of-the-art deep convolutional
neural network presented in [1] to be fully executed on-board within a strict 6
fps real-time constraint with no compromise in terms of flight results, while
all processing is done with only 64 mW on average. Our navigation engine is
flexible and can be used to span a wide performance range: at its peak
performance corner it achieves 18 fps while still consuming on average just
3.5% of the power envelope of the deployed nano-aircraft.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, 2 listings, accepted for publication
in the IEEE Internet of Things Journal (IEEE IOTJ
Dynamics of cavitating cascades
Brief accounts of the theoretical research conducted on the unsteady cavitation characteristics of liquid rocket engine turbopumps are reported. The objective is to produce estimates of the cavitation compliance and other unsteady characteristics which could then be used in analysis of the pogo instability. Blade cavitation is the particular pheonomenon which is investigated and line arized free streamline methods were employed in both quasistatic and complete dynamic cascade analyses of the unsteady flow. The simpler quasistatic analysis was applied to particular turbopumps but yielded values of compliances significantly smaller than those indirectly obtained from experiments. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. The complete dynamic analysis presents a new problem in fundamental hydrodynamics and, though the basic solution is presented, numerical results have not as yet been obtained
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